The effect of worry on cardiovascular response to phobic imagery

Cardiovascular response to phobic exposures has been shown to reflect the degree of emotional processing of phobic material and relates in important ways to outcome in exposure therapy. The present study investigated the effect of worry on such processing. Speech anxious subjects visualized a phobic scene for 10 trials. Three groups differed according to whether they engaged in relaxed, neutral, or worrisome thinking just prior to each scene presentation. Although the three types of thinking had no effect on cardiovascular activity during the thinking periods, subjects in the worry group displayed significantly less heart rate response to the phobic image than those in the neutral condition who had significantly less response than the relaxed condition. However, the worry group showed significantly greater subjective fear to the images than the neutral condition, with the relaxed group near to the level of the worry group and not significantly different from either of the other two conditions. The results suggest that worry may inhibit emotional processing and thus preserve cognitive/affective fear structure, and are discussed in terms of Gray's (Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 5, 469-534, 1982) theory of the behavioral inhibition system and semantic satiation effects in cognitive psychology.     

Unpacking the effects of information overload on the purchase intention of electric vehicles

China is currently under tremendous pressures to improve energy efficiency and reduce emissions. As an energy-saving transportation innovation, electric vehicles (EVs) can alleviate this dilemma. This study adopts the Stimuli-Organism-Response (SOR) framework to explore the effect of information overload on consumers' psychological state and subsequent adoption intentions of EVs. Based on the 367 valid samples from Auto 4S shops in EV pilot cities in Mainland China, this study reveals that information overload negatively impacts perceived value and perceived effectiveness but positively impacts perceived risk. Furthermore, information quality offsets the negative impact of information overload on perceived value and enhances the positive impact of information overload on perceived risk. Interestingly, information quality not significantly affect the relationship between information overload and perceived effectiveness. In addition, perceived value and perceived effectiveness are positively related to purchase intentions, while perceived risk is negatively correlated with consumers' purchase intentions. On the basis of these findings, we discuss the policy implications of EVs and provide suggestions for future development.     

Brief report: Publications from mainland China,Hong Kong,and Taiwan in behavioral journals 1980–2021

Research involving international research communities has been advocated in the field of behavior analysis (Dymond et al., 2000; Martin et al., 2016). The purpose of the present study was to report the status of behavioral research in mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, in terms of number of publications, types of research, and frequency of collaboration with international researchers. Fifteen behavioral journals were selected from the list by Cooper et al. (2020). These were searched by hand to find publications conducted in or authored by researchers from mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan dating from each journal's inception to December 2021. The earliest publication we found appeared in 1980 in The Psychological Record. Over the following four decades (1980–1989; 1990–1999; 2000–2009; 2010–2021), the number of publications per decade increased dramatically and continues in recent years to rise. Publications include research reports, review papers, and conceptual articles, with the majority being basic research reports published in Behavioral Processes. Approximately half the publications involve collaboration with international researchers, mostly in North America. Implications for behavioral research, practice, and policy in mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan are discussed.     

儿童推断他人知识状态的知识偏差和无知偏差

采用“看见-知道”任务考察了儿童对他人知识状态推断的特点和可能存在的偏差效应。被试为90名3-5岁儿童。结果表明,3-5岁儿童已经理解他人看见即知道的关系;5岁儿童已经能准确地推断他人的知识状态,不存在偏差;但3、4岁儿童对他人知识状态的推断受到自身知识的影响且表现出自我中心的倾向：既存在知识偏差即因为自己知道而高估他人的知识,也存在无知偏差即因为自己的无知而低估他人的知识。4岁儿童的知识偏差程度与3岁儿童无异,但无知偏差低于3岁儿童,且4岁儿童的知识偏差程度大于其无知偏差,儿童克服无知偏差的时间可能早于克服知识偏差的时间。     

价格框架对不同认知闭合需要者在线动态价格的感知与购买意愿的影响*

采用问卷与实验相结合的方法,以112名大学生为被试,考察价格框架对不同认知闭合需要者在线购物时对动态定价策略下的价格感知与购买意愿的影响。结果发现：（1）相比非动态价格,动态价格条件下消费者感知价格公平感、购买意愿都较低;（2）在打折框架下,高认知闭合需要者对采取动态价格在线购物网站的感知信任显著好于非动态价格,而低认知闭合需要者则相反,说明消费者的价格感知受这三个变量的综合影响;（3）在降价框架下,认知闭合需要与动态价格的交互作用不显著,意味着在线消费者的购买意愿可能受到更多其它因素制约。     

任务类型对面孔联合效应和特征效应的调节

采用特征-联合范式的研究发现, 面孔再认阶段可记录到明显的联合效应和特征效应; 然而, 与再认同属情景记忆的另一任务(来源提取)条件的相应效应尚未报道, 背景信息一致性对联合面孔和特征面孔提取的调节作用以及面孔不同特征对特征效应的影响也未考察。为澄清上述问题, 本文采用特征-联合范式, 并以位置为背景展开研究。实验含一个学习任务和两个测验任务(再认和来源提取)。结果显示, 再认和来源提取阶段均记录到显著的联合效应和特征效应, 且两类效应均在来源提取阶段更强; 任务类型与位置背景一致性交互影响提取绩效; 面孔外部特征和内部特征对特征效应的影响相似。表明联合效应和特征效应具有显著的任务类型敏感性, 这些效应是联合面孔和特征面孔的熟悉性较强且对源面孔的回忆加工相对较弱的结果, 且这两类面孔的提取为背景一致性所调节; 任务类型对两类效应的调节与双重加工理论模型相吻合。     

军人心理健康量表的编制*

旨在发展适合中国军人的军人心理健康量表(Military Mental Health Scale,MMHS)。以心理健康的基础——适应和发展为理论构想,采用开放式问卷、集体分组讨论和深度访谈等方法,在680名军人预测的基础上,修订成包含90个条目的正式量表。采用分层取样,在全国抽取2051名军人,对量表的信度和效度进行检验。数据分析表明,量表具有较高的信度和效度,各项指标达到心理测量学要求,能够用于军人心理健康的测量与实证研究。     

职业刻板印象及其影响因素研究

通过外显报告和内隐联想测验,发现在外显和内隐层面,大学生存在明显的职业刻板印象,对某些职业评价很高,有些则很低。工作岗位所在不同地域对大学生职业刻板印象产生较大影响,隐藏着加工机制的深层问题。研究结果表明,大学生就业观存在某种偏差。     

言语指导对实验操作技能形成影响的初步研究

本研究以112名中师学生为被试,采用实验组控制组后测实验设汁,选择中和滴定作为实验操作任务,探讨了言语指导对实验操作技能形成的影响。结果表明．言语指导能明显地促进学生实验操作技能的形成,特别是在实验操作动作的自动化方面。     

作为认识论研究纲领的贝耶斯主义

一贝耶斯主义:一种认识论的研究纲领 "贝耶斯主义"(Bayesianism)是一个流传甚广的学术标签.其最初也是最令人熟悉的含义,是指统计学和决策论中的贝耶斯学派.这一学派的核心思想是:承认主观概率的存在,并将其作为理解人类的推理和行动的基本概念.