Coarse-to-fine encoding of spatial frequency information into visual short-term memory for faces but impartial decay

Face perception studies investigated how spatial frequencies (SF) are extracted from retinal display while forming a perceptual representation, or their selective use during task-imposed categorization. Here we focused on the order of encoding low-spatial frequencies (LSF) and high-spatial frequencies (HSF) from perceptual representations into visual short-term memory (VSTM). We also investigated whether different SF-ranges decay from VSTM at different rates during a study-test stimulus-onset asynchrony. An old/new VSTM paradigm was used in which two broadband faces formed the positive set and the probes preserved either low or high SF ranges. Exposure time of 500 ms was sufficient to encode both HSF and LSF in the perceptual representation (experiment 1). Nevertheless, when the positive-set was exposed for 500 ms, LSF-probes were better recognized in VSTM compared with HSF-probes; this effect vanished at 800-ms exposure time (experiment 2). Backward masking the positive set exposed for 800 ms re-established the LSF-probes advantage (experiment 3). The speed of decay up to 10 seconds was similar for LSF- and HSF-probes (experiment 4). These results indicate that LSF are extracted and consolidated into VSTM faster than HSF, supporting a coarse-to-fine order, while the decay from VSTM is not governed by SF.     

Losing control in front of a fearful face: the effect of emotional information on cognitive control

How is our cognitive control system modulated by emotional information, especially fearful stimuli? An intuitive hypothesis is that fearful stimuli would enhance cognitive control so that people could switch from the ongoing task to emergent events more quickly to secure themselves. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the influence of emotional information on the shift function of cognitive control by using the task-cueing procedure, in which face images were presented as cues. With the gender of faces indicating which task to do, we manipulated the emotional valence of faces (neutral vs. fearful), finding that the switch costs were larger in the trials containing fearful cues than in the trials containing neutral cues (Experiment 1). This effect was not caused by enlarging task-set interference (Experiment 2), nor by slowing down cue encoding (Experiment 3). Contrary to the intuitive hypothesis, our results suggested that the endogenous task-set reconfiguration process was impaired when fearful faces were presented. We speculated that the benefit of decreasing cognitive flexibility in face of fearful stimuli is to speed up response in a dangerous environment, and this accelerating response is achieved by suppressing the goal-directed system to permit the fast, automatic stimulus-driven system to govern behaviours.     

背景任务对前瞻记忆策略加工的影响:一项ERPs研究

采用事件相关电位技术(ERPs),用双任务加工范式探讨背景任务的难度对前瞻记忆策略加工的影响。行为结果表明,背景任务的反应时显著长于前瞻任务,随着任务难度的增大,被试的反应时增加;脑电结果表明,前瞻线索诱发的N300的潜伏期在高难度任务条件下短于低难度任务条件,而波幅在高难度任务条件下小于低难度任务条件。前瞻线索诱发的前瞻正波的波幅在高难度任务条件下高于低难度任务条件。这一结果表明,背景任务的特征调节了前瞻记忆的加工策略。     

自由主义平等观的谱系——对德沃金与罗尔斯、诺齐克平等理论亲疏关系的重新定位

罗尔斯、诺齐克与德沃金的平等观通常被视为自由主义平等观的代表性观点。就德沃金与罗尔斯和诺齐克在平等理论上的亲疏关系而言,人们通常认为德沃金与罗尔斯之间的关系比较密切,与诺齐克之间的关系比较疏远。实际上,早期的德沃金与罗尔斯一样亦是一个激进的平等主义者,但是,德沃金晚期已逐渐褪去激进色彩而渐趋保守,其平等立场与罗尔斯的差别原则已"渐行渐远",与诺齐克的资格理论已"渐行渐近"。     

法律与自由

本文主要从法哲学的角度探讨了法律与自由的关系问题。本文认为,传统的有关积极自由与消极自由的二分法已经不能准确厘清自由与法律之关系,需要在综合的方法下审视自由观念所包含的法律价值意义。为此,本文系统地考察了禁止论、意志论和规则论三种法律下的自由观,并对作为一项基本的政治与法律权利的自由权利给予了具体的分析,文章认为我们既要保有自由诸权利不受侵犯,更需要为这些自由权利而作为,建设一个法治的宪政制度,则是所有个人自由的基础。     

东晋南朝士人与佛教之关系浅析

佛教入华后至东晋才开始盛行,其重要原因即佛教至此始为士人普遍接受,从而逐步成为上流士大夫思潮之中心。本文主要讨论了东晋南朝时期士人接受佛教的过程中所呈现出的一些基本特征,分析了士人信仰转向佛教的主要原因,士人群体由个人化到集团化再到国家化的奉佛历程,以及士人对佛教的不同态度。     

论杨歧、黄龙两宗绮语与禅思

在僧规戒律中,绮语为四种口过之一,而在中国文学史上偏偏有释子屡造口业,形成了身为释子而作绮语的现象。本文主要以杨歧和黄龙两宗为中心,揭示两宗以绮语通禅思这一现象,并对这一现象进行分析。主要有三点原因:一、僧人作艳情诗传统的影响;二、禅宗内在理论的影响;三、禅思与艳情的不可言说。     

《孙子兵法》与管理心理学

管理心理学是现代管理理论的一个重要组成部分。而它的一些基本原理,早在2000多年前已经产生,在《孙子兵法》中,已蕴含了丰富的管理心理学原理,如对于士兵个体的需要、动机与行为,士兵的情感与行为,军事群体的心理变化趋势,群体的凝聚力与士气,指挥者的心理与行为等,都有精辟论述。这是《孙子兵法》在国内外被广泛应用于现代管理的重要原因之一。我们应认真提炼、总结《孙子兵法》中的管理心理学精华,将其运用于现代管理。     

夸克研究的新进展及其科学哲学价值

列宁曾说过“电子和原子一样,也是不可穷尽的。”列宁的这一著名论断深刻地影响了后来的大批具有辩证法思想的物理学家和哲学家。在２０世纪６０年代,日本著名的物理学家板田昌一先生和中国物理学家提出了层子模型的假设。毛泽东在世时也十分关注自然科学中哲学问题,他...     

力求哲学范式的及早转换 --对世纪之交哲学发展的主张

新时期的哲学已经走过了２０年的历程。如何给这２０年的哲学发展定位,如何根据这一定位来设计将来的发展,这是本文所要探讨的问题。一、哲学发展的定位评价发展中的事物,人们有一套习以为常的做法：首先是一句诸如“成绩很大、仍有问题”之类的评语,接着就是对成绩和...