基于概率的归纳推理模型

归纳推理是指从个别前提推出一般结论的推理,它是人的一项基本认知能力,也是心理学研究需要解释的重要现象.在模拟归纳推理时,不能排除先验知识对归纳推理结论力度的影响,贝叶斯理论可以结合条件对先验概率进行修正,能够很好地将先验知识引入到归纳推理中来.文章重点介绍了基于记忆的贝叶斯模型,相似性概率模型和结构统计模型对归纳推理的解释.     

Alerting and orienting of attention without visual awareness

Two types of the attentional network, alerting and orienting, help organisms respond to environmental events for survival in the temporal and spatial dimensions, respectively. Here, we applied chromatic flicker beyond the critical fusion frequency to address whether awareness was necessary for activation of the two attentional networks. We found that high-frequency chromatic flicker, despite its failure to reach awareness, produced the alerting and orienting effects, supporting the dissociation between attention and awareness. Furthermore, as the flicker frequency increased, the orienting effect attenuated whereas the alerting effect remained unchanged. According to the systematic decline in temporal frequency sensitivity across the visual hierarchy, this finding suggests that unconscious alerting might be associated with activity in earlier visual areas than unconscious orienting. Since high-frequency flicker has been demonstrated to only activate early visual cortex, we suppose that neural activation in early visual areas might be sufficient to activate the two attentional networks.     

Does high memory load kick task-irrelevant information out of visual working memory?

The limited capacity of visual working memory (VWM) requires the existence of an efficient information selection mechanism. While it has been shown that under low VWM load, an irrelevant simple feature can be processed, its fate under high load (e.g., six objects) remains unclear. We explored this issue by probing the “irrelevant-change distracting effect,” in which the change of a stored irrelevant feature affects performance. Simple colored shapes were used as stimuli, with color as the target. Using a whole-probe method (presenting six objects in both the memory and test arrays), in Experiment 1 we found that a change to one of the six shapes led to a significant distracting effect. Using a partial-probe method (presenting the probe either at the screen center or at a location selected from the memory array), in Experiment 2 we showed the distracting effect again. These results suggest that irrelevant simple features can be stored into VWM, regardless of memory load.     

对汉字字形识别层次模型的实验验证

该研究采用Ｊｏｈｎｓｔｏｎ和ＭｃＣｌｅｌｌａｎｄ的实验范式以合体汉字为实验材料对层次模型进行了实验检验。结果表明,以假字掩蔽模式代替特征掩蔽模式使字目标对部件目标的字优效应明显下降。这一结果支持了层次模型,即合体汉字的字形加工以部件识别加工为中介。但本实验还发现了真字掩蔽模式下的字优效应量比假字掩蔽模式下明显减少,这一结果表明,在字加工水平中存在着觉察器间的相互竞争。因此,合体汉字字形识别的部件中介模型有待进一步完善。     

样例的编码方式对问题解决迁移的影响及心理机制

以概率原理为材料,通过两个实验考察了样例的编码方式对问题解决迁移的影响及其心理机制。实验1探讨了样例的变异性与不同的自我解释模式结合对被试解决不同程度迁移问题的影响;实验2运用大声思维技术,进一步探讨不同样例的变异性和不同自我解释模式编码样例的条件下学习者的学习活动和问题解决的特点。结果表明:样例的变异性和诱发自我解释模式结合能有效地促进原理图式的获得和迁移;自我解释对理解原理和获得原理的概化图式有着重要作用。不同的学习者自我解释的特征并不一致,存在着个体差异。     

A joint modeling framework of responses and response times to assess learning outcomes

Abstract

A general modeling framework of response accuracy and response times is proposed to track skill acquisition and provide additional diagnostic information on the change of latent speed in a learning environment. This framework consists of two types of models: a dynamic response model that captures the response accuracy and the change of discrete latent attribute profile upon factors such as practice, intervention effects, and other latent and observable covariates, and a dynamic response time model that describes the change of the continuous response latency due to change of latent attribute profile. These two types of models are connected through a parameter, describing the change rate of the latent speed through the learning process, and a covariate defined as a function of the latent attribute profile. A Bayesian estimation procedure is developed to calibrate the model parameters and measure the latent variables. The estimation algorithm is evaluated through several simulation studies under various conditions. The proposed models are applied to a real data set collected through a spatial rotation diagnostic assessment paired with learning tools.     

中国哲学研究的新视野——两岸"中国哲学研究的身体维度"学术会议综述

从最初对西方身体转向的应激反应,到开始关注中国古代哲学的身体维度,再到多角度、宽领域深入开掘中国传统哲学的身体特质,作为中国哲学研究的新视野,中国哲学的身体性研究展现出了非凡的活力.关于这一研究的新进展,海峡两岸"中国哲学研究的身体维度"会议从三个方面,即"身体与伦理"、"体感与体知"、"身体与语文"作了细致的探讨,不仅深化了中国哲学的身体性研究,也推进了海峡两岸学者在这一领域的学术交流,中国哲学的身体性研究已成为建设当代文化的重要资源.     

俄罗斯神秘主义流行现状研究(下)

神秘主义,从灵学史的角度来考察,是一个世界现象。所以考察俄罗斯神秘主义的流行,就必须放在一个大环境下来思考。俄罗斯神秘主义流行与前苏联的演变有密不可分的关系,与美苏的争霸及世界格局的变迁也息息相关。本文即是从与前苏联的比较研究中,寻找可以借鉴的历史教训。     

语境信息对面部表情加工的影响

为检验语境信息在面部表情加工和识别中的作用,通过两个实验考察语境信息的情绪性和自我相关性对中性以及不同强度恐惧面孔情绪加工的影响。结果发现,积极语境下中性情绪面孔效价的评分更高,自我相关语境下中性面孔唤醒度的评分更高;消极语境下面孔的恐惧情绪更容易被察觉。因此,面部表情加工中的语境效应表现为对中性情绪面孔的情绪诱发和增强作用,以及在情绪一致情况下对不同情绪强度面孔判断的促进作用。