异同判断中“快同效应”的大脑机制：一项ERP研究

采用高密度的事件相关电位（ERPs）技术,记录分析了大学生被试在执行异同判断任务[包括不同颜色刺激对（DC）,不同形状刺激对（DS）和相同刺激对（Same）]时的脑内时程动态变化。行为结果表明,“同”反应的确显著快于“异”反应,表现出明显的快同效应。ERP结果显示：在280-320 ms内,DS和DC条件均比Same条件诱发一个更负的N2成分。偶极子溯源分析表明,DC和DS条件下,N2可能起源于大脑的前扣带皮层（ACC）,可能与“异”反应早期不一致信息（颜色或形状）的认知监控和调节有关;反之Same条件下,N2成分可能起源于楔前叶,主要反映了“同”反应早期知觉识别中整体特征比较加工的过程（同一性指示器）。另外,在450 ms左右, DC和DS比Same条件均诱发了一个更负的P3成分,可能反映了对刺激局部特征的比较和识别（慢速比较器）,并与选择性注意和资源分配等高级认知活动有关;并且,Same条件下P3成分的潜伏期更短,与行为结果一致。以上研究结果表明,异同判断中“同”反应和“异”反应可能有着不同的比较通道和大脑机制,支持双过程模型理论;同时表明,慢速比较器和同一性指示器可能是序列加工的。     

日本临床药学人才培养模式对我国的启示

临床药学作为一门新兴学科,是医院药学的一个分支.日本作为药学教育发展较快的发达国家,在临床药学人才培养领域积累了丰富的经验.在分析社会对临床药学人才需求的基础上,总结日本临床药学人才培养目标、培养模式及课程设置特点,期望为我国临床药学教育和人才培养模式改革提供借鉴.     

经后路椎管扩大减压术治疗多节段颈椎后纵韧带骨化症

研究经后路椎管扩大减压术治疗多节段颈椎后纵韧带骨化症的疗效.自2006年8月至2011年8月,采用经后路椎管扩大减压术治疗多节段颈椎后纵韧带骨化症27例,其中男19例,女8例,年龄48岁～82岁,平均63.6岁.手术前后用日本矫形外科学会(JOA)评分判断神经功能:用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)评价颈肩痛程度.结果所有患者均获随访,随访时间为3个月～5年,平均18个月.术后JOA评分为13.3(10～17)分,较术前10.2(5～14)分有显著改善(t＝14.72,P＜0.01).术后症状优良率88.9％.仅2例出现C5神经根麻痹,为一过性.术后颈肩痛VAS评分平均为1.9(1～3)分,较术前5.2(4～6)分明显缓解(t＝14.25,P＜0.01).经后路椎管扩大减压术能使脊髓彻底减压,充分后移,避免C5神经根麻痹,是目前治疗该病的较好方法.     

Effects of diurnal variation on the Test of Variables of Attention performance in young adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

The Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA) is a continuous performance test that assesses attention, impulsivity, and processing speed. Continuous performance tests are used in the assessment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adults. TOVA norms are based on a morning administration, and any TOVA administered after 1:00 p.m. is flagged as potentially invalid. Whereas the testing time recommendations make sense for pediatric samples, it is unclear whether they are appropriate for young adults, who typically show significant phase delay in their diurnal rhythms. The current study explores the impact of time of day on TOVA performance in young adults with ADHD. Participants were randomly assigned to either morning or afternoon administration. We found no significant diurnal variation in TOVA performance. We also found no interaction between diurnal preference and time of day of administration. Night owls endorsed more inattention symptoms on a self-report measure than more intermediate individuals but actually made significantly fewer omission (inattention) errors on the TOVA. Self-reported symptoms of inattention showed moderate, significant correlations with various TOVA performance indices. Self-reported symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity, however, showed no relationship to TOVA performance. These results suggest that the TOVA can be administered to adults with ADHD outside of the hours recommended in the manual without significantly compromising the interpretative validity of test score interpretation. Thus, a TOVA report that is consistent with ADHD should not be dismissed simply because it was administered in the late afternoon.     

特质焦虑在面部表情前注意加工阶段的影响：来自ERP的证据

为探讨高特质焦虑者在前注意阶段对情绪刺激的加工模式以明确其情绪偏向性特点, 本研究采用偏差-标准反转Oddball范式探讨了特质焦虑对面部表情前注意加工的影响。结果发现: 对于低特质焦虑组, 悲伤面孔所诱发的早期EMMN显著大于快乐面孔, 而对于高特质焦虑组, 快乐和悲伤面孔所诱发的早期EMMN差异不显著。并且, 高特质焦虑组的快乐面孔EMMN波幅显著大于低特质焦虑组。结果表明, 人格特质是影响面部表情前注意加工的重要因素。不同于普通被试, 高特质焦虑者在前注意阶段对快乐和悲伤面孔存在相类似的加工模式, 可能难以有效区分快乐和悲伤情绪面孔。     

关于矛盾态度的研究述评

矛盾态度是个体对同一客体同时存在的积极和消极评价与情感。本文主要阐述了矛盾态度的概念界定与测量方法,矛盾态度的相关因素与基本特性,以及矛盾态度对信息加工、行为意图和实际行为的影响。最后,文章指出矛盾态度的界定与测量还需扩展,对引发矛盾的客体、矛盾态度特性有待深入研究。     

监狱男性警察情绪智力对情绪劳动的影响分析

为了解广州市监狱基层警察的情绪劳动与情绪智力的关系,采用随机抽样法对100名监狱基层警察进行问卷调查。结果表明:①情绪劳动与情绪智力呈正相关关系,相关系数为0.628(P0.01)②情绪智力对深层表现的正效应大于对表层表现和自然表现的正效应,说明情绪智力在促进深层行动方面具有更重要的作用。③在情绪劳动中,深层表现需要较高的情绪智力,而自然表现需要较低的情绪智力。结论:监狱基层警察的情绪劳动是中等水平,情绪智力水平是中等偏上,并且两者呈显著性正相关。因此,提高监狱警察的情绪智力水平,优化情绪劳动表现策略的运用,从而促进罪犯监管工作和教育改造工作顺利进行。     

感恩对青少年学业成就的影响：有调节的中介效应

本研究提出一个有调节的中介模型,揭示了感恩“怎样”影响学业成就及这种影响“何时”更强或更弱。采用感恩问卷、日常性学业复原力问卷、压力性生活事件量表和学业成就问卷对1361名青少年进行调查。结果显示:(1)日常性学业复原力对感恩与学业成就的关系具有部分中介效应,感恩既对学业成就产生直接影响,也通过日常性学业复原力对学业成就产生间接影响;(2)压力性生活事件对日常性学业复原力的中介作用具有调节效应,压力性生活事件调节了中介过程的后半路径,具体而言,日常性学业复原力对学业成就的影响,随压力性生活事件的增加而降低。因此,感恩对青少年学业成就的影响是有调节的中介效应。研究结论对提高青少年的学业成就具有重要的理论价值和参考价值。     

A comparison of general and work-specific measures of core self-evaluations

During the past decade, considerable research attention has been given to core self-evaluations (CSEs). Although this research has found that CSE is related to several important work-related outcomes (e.g., job satisfaction, job performance), we believe that researchers’ reliance on general rather than work-specific CSE has resulted in underestimates of the importance of CSE. Based on the literature on frame-of-reference effects in personality assessment, we predict that work-related CSE will yield stronger relationships with work-related criteria than general CSE will and that work-specific CSE will be related to work-specific criteria after general CSE has been controlled. Using two independent samples, we found that when compared with general CSE, work-specific CSE generally failed to yield significantly stronger zero-order relationships with work-related criteria. However, we found several instances in which work-specific CSE predicted incremental variance in work-related criteria after the effects of general CSE were controlled.     

心理疾病污名社会表征公众影响初探

在中国文化背景下对心理疾病污名社会表征的公众影响进行了初步探讨。在全国12个省市对1028名普通公众进行问卷调查。结果发现,心理疾病污名社会表征的不同维度分别对公众接近、帮助心理疾病患者的意愿和专业心理求助意愿产生正面或负面的影响。公众污名感知在社会表征影响行为意愿过程中起中介作用。