知觉运动学习中的背景干扰效应和元认知监测

选取大学生为被试,采用两因素混合实验设计,以预期按键反应作为知觉运动学习任务.在运动学习任务中,设置了集中练习和分散练习两种练习方式以及三个练习一测试组块.通过分析不同练习方式和练习-测试组块对练习成绩、测试成绩以及元认知监测的影响,考察运动知觉学习的背景干扰效应、练习伴随低估效应以及元认知监测的依据.结果发现: (1)缩短练习与测试之间的时间间隔,经典的背景干扰效应没有出现; (2)在知觉运动学习的多组块练习过程中.元认知监测准确性没有出现练习伴随低估效应; (3)集中练习组更多地以当前的练习成绩作为依据进行预测,从而导致了对预测的高估.     

Cultural Variations in Reasons for Advice Seeking

Five studies examined cultural differences in reasons for advice‐seeking behaviors. Content analyses in Study 1A and self‐ratings in Study 1B consistently revealed that Euro‐Canadians were more likely than East Asians (mainly Chinese) to seek advice for informational reasons, whereas East Asians were more likely than Euro‐Canadians to seek advice for relational reasons. Study 2A showed that Chinese displayed a higher level of relationship concern than Euro‐Canadians in deciding from whom to seek advice in a decision dilemma. Study 2B found that, although Chinese and Euro‐Canadians did not differ from each other on willingness to pay for informational advice, Chinese were willing to pay more for building a relationship with the advisor through advice seeking than Euro‐Canadians were. Study 3 explored how the advice giver might perceive an advice seeker in terms of their competence and the closeness of their relationship after advice was sought for various reasons. We found that relationally oriented advice seeking increased the perceived competence of the advice seeker among Chinese more than among Euro‐Canadians. Information‐oriented advice seeking increased the perceived closeness between the advice seeker and advice giver among Chinese more than among Euro‐Canadians. Implications for other aspects of advice exchange are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Predicting Chinese international students’ acculturation strategies from socio‐demographic variables and social ties

Different acculturation strategies (i.e. integration, assimilation, separation and marginalization) tend to contribute to different adaptation outcomes for international students. The current study examines Chinese international students’ acculturation strategies under the influence of sociodemographic variables and social ties they developed in the host country. A group of Chinese international students in Belgium (N = 183) participated in an online survey. The results indicate that integration was the most commonly adopted strategy among Chinese international students in Belgium, followed by separation, marginalization and assimilation. The results from three separate multiple regressions show that English proficiency, local language proficiency, prior adaptation experience and female were significant predictors of Chinese students’ social ties (i.e. host‐national ties, international ties and co‐national ties). The discriminant analysis identified host‐national ties, international ties, co‐national ties, local language proficiency and prior adaptation experience as important variables that can distinguish Chinese students’ acculturation strategies.     

Short‐term numerosity training promotes symbolic arithmetic in children with developmental dyscalculia: The mediating role of visual form perception

Studies have shown that numerosity‐based arithmetic training can promote arithmetic learning in typically developing children as well as children with developmental dyscalculia (DD), but the cognitive mechanism underlying this training effect remains unclear. The main aim of the current study was to examine the role of visual form perception in arithmetic improvement through an 8‐day numerosity training for DD children. Eighty DD children were selected from four Chinese primary schools. They were randomly divided into the intervention and control groups. The intervention group received training on an apple‐collecting game, whereas the control group received an English dictation task. Children's cognitive and arithmetic performances were assessed before and after training. The results showed that the intervention group showed a significant improvement in arithmetic performance, approximate number system (ANS) acuity, and visual form perception, but not in spatial processing and sentence comprehension. The control group showed no significant improvement in any cognitive ability. Mediation analysis further showed that training‐related improvement in arithmetic performance was fully mediated by the improvement in visual form perception. The results suggest that short‐term numerosity training enhances the arithmetic performance of DD children by improving their visual form perception.     

空气污染对个体直接和溢出行为的影响

空气污染对行为影响的研究日渐丰富, 且大致分为两个方向:一是与环境健康有关的直接行为, 二是与之无直接相关的社会行为(溢出行为)。基于此, 在回顾空气污染对两种行为影响研究的同时, 进一步综述了用于解释直接行为产生机制的计划行为理论和健康行动过程取向模型, 以及用于解释社会行为机制的焦虑与自我损耗。而更全面的探究现象背后的机制有助于发现更多有效应对空气污染的举措, 未来的研究可以采用更多纵向的研究范式、增加对行为机制的探究, 从而改善人们的风险应对行为。     

情绪预测偏差的成因及干预

情绪预测偏差是一种对未来事件发生时情绪反应的预测和实际体验之间的分离现象。梳理该领域最近10年(2009~2019年)研究文献可知, 热点研究主题涉及偏差的现象、成因和干预, 相应呈现为三点主要发现: 情绪预测偏差十分普遍, 情绪预测偏差成因多源, 情绪预测偏差可以干预。未来研究应着力关注情绪预测偏差的发生模式和心理机制, 着力揭示具体偏差的神经心理机制, 并从进化和文化视角综合考察偏差的发生机制。     

认知诊断计算机化自适应测验的选题策略

随着认知诊断计算机化自适应测验(cognitive diagnostic computerized adaptive testing, CD-CAT)理论与实践的发展, 兼顾知识状态与能力的双目标CD-CAT逐渐受到重视。选题策略是CAT的核心, 通过梳理传统CD-CAT和双目标CD-CAT选题策略的研究, 并对它们的特点、关系及表现进行介绍和评析。最后, 基于认知诊断模型与CAT实践发展指出未来应加强一般化认知模型、复杂测验条件认知诊断模型下选题策略的研究; 应开发双目标诊断测验的项目和测验特征指标; 还应加强非参数选题方法和CD-CAT的实践应用研究。     

自伤行为的神经生理机制及共病障碍比较

自伤行为是危害公众心理健康的重大隐患。综合自伤行为的新近研究成果,情绪脑区、控制脑区、疼痛脑区、奖赏脑区、阿片类系统和多巴胺系统以及特定基因的异常共同参与了自伤行为。将自伤行为与自杀、成瘾、进食障碍和抑郁障碍进行比较,发现自伤行为与其共病障碍存在部分相似的发生机制。在此基础上尝试构建了自伤行为的认知神经机制假设模型,并就自伤行为神经生理机制的性别差异、发展特点及干预等提出研究展望。     

干扰材料的熟悉性和认知方式对语篇阅读的影响

采用熟悉词和不熟悉词为干扰材料,考察了干扰材料的熟悉性对语篇阅读的影响.实验第一阶段要求不同认知方式被试朗读插入熟悉度不同干扰材料的短文,考查被试的阅读效率;第二阶段采用学习—自由回忆任务考查不同提示条件下在短文中使用过的干扰词和新词的学习效果.结果发现:(1)对场独立者而言,熟悉词的干扰作用明显大于不熟悉词,而对场依存者而言,熟悉词和不熟悉词的干扰作用无差异;(2)在提示条件下,被试对干扰词的回忆量大于对新词的回忆量.研究结果表明,在语篇阅读过程中,与场依存者相比,熟悉的干扰材料对场独立者的影响更大;熟悉词比不熟悉词产生更大干扰的原因可能是由于其激活了读者更多的经验,而非具有加工的优势.     

艾滋病传播的调查与质性研究——以一个西北少数民族聚居地区为例

运用民族学学科“田野调查”的方法,展开对甘肃省LX州的一个西北少数民族聚居镇——A镇,艾滋病传播的实证研究。论文首先探讨了A镇艾滋病传播的背景与途径;试图从这些访谈实例中,探讨这些艾滋病病毒感染者HIV和艾滋病病人AIDS及其家属面对艾滋病传播的不同文化适应,总结与概括A镇艾滋病传播与社会、文化、经济等因素之间的内在关联与影响。