学前儿童执行功能与问题行为的关系:情境和性别的特异性

运用追踪设计检验了学前儿童执行功能特定成分和问题行为跨情境和性别的关系。选取101名学前儿童（48名男孩）为研究对象,采用实验任务测量儿童的执行功能,一年后采用母亲和教师报告分别收集儿童在家庭和学校情境的问题行为。结果发现,控制儿童年龄后：（1）在男孩中,抑制控制、认知灵活性和工作记忆负向预测一年后家庭情境的外化问题,认知灵活性负向预测一年后学校情境的外化问题,抑制控制正向预测一年后学校情境的内化问题;（2）在女孩中,执行功能三个成分均不能显著预测家庭情境的问题行为,认知灵活性正向预测一年后学校情境的外化问题。执行功能三个成分与问题行为间存在不同效应模式,且存在跨情境和性别的特异性。     

绝对音高感对音乐句法加工能力的影响

绝对音高感是一种敏锐的音高知觉能力。拥有这种能力的人可以在没有标准音(A4)参照下, 对所听到的音高进行命名。本文通过对比绝对音高感被试与不具有绝对音高感被试对音乐句法基本规则的知觉以及对音乐句法结构划分能力的差异, 探讨绝对音高感与音乐句法加工能力之间的关系。结果表明, 绝对音高感被试对音乐句法基本规则的知觉水平高于控制组; 同时, 这种知觉上的优势也延伸到他们对音乐句法结构的划分。这一结果说明, 绝对音高感被试不仅可以对音高进行孤立命名, 而且表现出对调性音乐音高关系加工的优势。     

Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with negatively variable impacts on domains of female sexual function: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis

To systematically review the literature to identify the impact of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on specific female sexual function domains. A meta-analysis was performed and the related literature were searched in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CNKI, CBM and Web of Science databases, and in reference lists of articles and systematic reviews. Score of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) was used as the outcome measurement, and mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Five studies were included, including 346 women with RA and 237 healthy female controls. Each domain of the FSFI score: lubrication (MD, ?2.48; 95% CI, ?3.69, ?1.28), orgasm-1.71 (?2.09, ?1.33), sexual desire-1.27 (?1.59, ?0.95), satisfaction-1.67 (?2.18, ?1.16), arousal-1.83 (?2.85, ?0.82), pain-1.57 (?2.43, ?0.70) and the total score ?8.84 (?11.88, ?5.79) were lower in RA women than healthy controls. Furthermore, lubrication dimension was most severely affected especially. This meta-analysis showed that female RA patients scored lower in each dimension of FSFI, mostly in the lubrication domain. It demonstrated that targeted interventions should be done to improve their sexual function. Future well-designed researches with larger sample sizes are necessary to evaluate the potential risk factors which determine female sexual dysfunction.     

Anxiety sensitivity moderates the painful effects of feeling burdensome to others

Perceived burdensomeness (PB), the perception of being a burden to others, is associated with pain and physical symptoms. Anxiety sensitivity (AS), the fear of arousal-related sensations, arising from beliefs that the sensations may have adverse personal consequences (physical, cognitive, and social), may increase risk for pain responding, particularly in anxiety-provoking (e.g. socially threatening) contexts. Accordingly, individuals high in AS may have a stronger pain response when experiencing PB than those low in AS. Undergraduate participants (n = 262) completed the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI-3), and then were randomly assigned to re-live an experience when they were either burdensome to others (burdensome condition) or contributed equally to a group (control condition). Both social and physical self-reported pain were assessed post-manipulation. Those high in AS reported significantly higher pain ratings in the burdensome condition than the control condition; for those low in AS, pain did not change across conditions. In particular, being fearful of the physical repercussions of anxiety (AS physical concerns) while also feeling burdensome to others was associated with greater physical pain. AS may exacerbate the already painful effects of feeling burdensome to others, and may have important implications for the development of future suicide- and pain-related interventions.     

Am I ‘Chinese’ or ‘Scottish’? children’s perceptions of the adaptive nature of Chinese Scottish children’s dual identities

Chinese Scottish children (children who are born and live in Scotland with Chinese parents) face challenges in establishing their identity. However, there is lack of research that investigates ethnic minority Chinese children’s identity and associated feelings about the dual social context in which they live. The study introduced a social identity vignettes task to examine Chinese Scottish and White Scottish children’s perceptions of Chinese ethnic identity and Scottish national identity of a Scottish born Chinese character within two contrasting socio-cultural contexts (Scottish vs. Chinese). This study examines whether children’s ethnic and national identity and feelings of positivity are adaptive and sensitive to social context. In addition it explored age-related changes in perceptions of ethnic and national identification in the vignettes. The sample comprised of 161 children (8, 11, and 14 years). The results found Chinese Scottish children and White Scottish children’s judgments of the characters’ ethnic identity changed with the cultural context. Both groups of children had a similar perception of vignette characters’ feeling of positivity. Both Chinese and White Scottish children judged that the character would feel more positive about him/herself in the Chinese context. There was no main effect of age.     

安全与统战——新中国宗教政策的双重解读

建国以来,我国的宗教状况发生了显著变化。经过60多年的实践,中国共产党对我国所面临的宗教问题有了更为深刻的认识,宗教政策也因此呈现出四个阶段的变化,即形成期、失衡期、调整期和转型期。但是,我国宗教政策坚持"统战"与"安全"两大主线或基轴的基本方针却始终没有改变。基于这样的认识,本文选择安全和统战的双重视角,试图揭示建国以来我国宗教政策历史演变的内在逻辑,并为我国宗教政策的制定提供某种理论思路。     

父母家校沟通与小学生参与数学课外补习的关系研究

基于某特大型城市学区658名小学四年级学生及其父母的调查数据,讨论小学生参与数学课外补习的影响因素,特别是家校沟通的作用。数据分析结果表明：在控制学生数学学业成绩与家庭社会经济地位的情况下,母亲的家校沟通行为可以显著预测四年级学生的数学课外补习参与情况,而未发现父亲的家校沟通行为的预测作用,研究结论印证了信息沟通在家庭教育决策中的重要作用。     

初中生学业成就发展中的心理因素

针对初中这一个生成长的关键期,本研究探讨了三种不同层次的心理素质与学生学业成就之间的关系。研究发现,无论是侧重于生理机制的神经类型,还是侧重于心理活动效率的一般能力综合素质,以及具体的能力———推理能力,它们对初中学生的学业成就都有着明显的影响作用,这三种层次素质从总体上对初中生的学业成就都有很好的预测和区分效果。但是,心理素质水平在与学业成就发生联系的时候又会受到其它一些因素的影响,如性别、年级和不同学科等,并表现出不同的影响模式或联系方式。     

转型期和谐社会构建的制度伦理分析

社会转型期矛盾的突显与和谐社会的有序、公正、和睦的价值目标指向,从静态维度看存在着悖论,但从动态维度的视阈,社会和谐的建构,恰是在不断制衡矛盾、疏通矛盾、解决矛盾的过程中渐进实现的。据此,转型期和谐社会建构的核心,则是利益关系的合理规范以及利益矛盾的有效协调,而对社会利益关系协调与矛盾消解的有效方式之一则是公正的制度,其中博弈均衡理论对制度伦理的建构又具有方法论的指导意义。一社会转型对制度有效供给的需求制度不是天然的存在,而是人类为协调社会利益冲突和矛盾,实现和谐共处、共存主动设计的行为规范体系。用新制度…     

五台山佛教音乐探究

通过以五台山为中心的佛教音乐文物、文献及文化特征的探究,笔者认为“以佛教传入中国的时间做为五台山佛教音乐的起始”,这种看法具有一定的片面性。通过对五台山佛教音乐转化过程的分析,意在表明五台山佛教音乐并非是随同佛教一并传入的。并对保护、发展具有厚重历史的五台山佛教音乐非物质文化遗产提出了可行性建议,力求为积极推进五台山申报世界“非物质文化遗产”做出贡献。