现代技术与奢侈关系的伦理反思

现代技术的发展带来了奢侈消费重心的转移、奢侈消费权利的再分配和奢侈消费观念的变革,影响着大众的消费伦理意识.应当从技术创新角度审视现代技术与奢侈的关系,辩证地看待奢侈品的生产与消费;同时,要防止消费行为脱离伦理规约,避免奢侈消费带来社会分配的不公正和对自然环境的损害.     

基于内科查房会话语料的医生礼貌策略分析

采用录音方式收集50例内科查房语料,用Brown和Levinson的面子理论分析了医患会话中医生的礼貌策略,发现医生使用的积极礼貌策略类型有反馈、称谓、关照和赞誉等,消极礼貌策略主要有弱化、主动两类,且消极礼貌策略使用频率高于积极礼貌策略.分析显示现阶段平等的医患关系尚未完全建立.     

悦纳访谈——健康适应不良行为的纠治艺术

动机访谈是目前西方国家行业协会推荐给广大非心理治疗专业医务人员或健康工作者的一种简单有效的治疗性沟通方法,可以广泛应用于心身医学关注的健康适应不良行为的纠治。悦纳访谈是在动机访谈的基础上,结合作者的临床和教研经验,引入太极推手等中国文化元素,以“知己知彼,反应适当,真实和谐,悦纳选取”十六字诀为访谈基本原则,统领并整合动机访谈的基本精神、基本技术和基本程序,形成的具有中国文化特色的或中国化的动机访谈。     

Aging of theory of mind: The influence of educational level and cognitive processing

Previous studies of theory of mind (ToM) in old age have provided mixed results. We predicted that educational level and cognitive processing are two factors influencing the pattern of the aging of ToM. To test this hypothesis, a younger group who received higher education (mean age 20.46 years), an older group with an education level equal to that of the young group (mean age 76.29 years), and an older group with less education (mean age 73.52 years) were recruited. ToM tasks included the following tests: the second‐order false‐belief task, the faux‐pas task, the eyes test, and tests of fundamental aspects of cognitive function that included two background tests (memory span and processing speed) and three subcomponents of executive function (inhibition, updating, and shifting). We found that the younger group and the older group with equally high education outperformed the older group with less education in false‐belief and faux‐pas tasks. However, there was no significant difference between the two former groups. The three groups of participants performed equivalently in the eyes test as well as in control tasks (false‐belief control question, faux‐pas control question, faux‐pas control story, and Eyes Test control task). The younger group outperformed the other two groups in the cognitive processing tasks. Mediation analyses showed that difficulties in inhibition, memory span, and processing speed mediated the age differences in false‐belief reasoning. Also, the variables of inhibition, updating, memory span, and processing speed mediated age‐related variance in faux‐pas. Discussion focused on the links between ToM aging, educational level, and cognitive processing.     

情绪对西蒙效应的调节作用

西蒙效应（Simoneffect）是动作反应机制研究中的经典效应。基于微观分析的视角,动作反应机制可以用来解释和衡量操作效率。本文以22名大学生为被试,采用实验研究的方式,应用启动一靶（priming—target）范式探索情绪对水平和垂直西蒙效应的调节机制。结果表明,情绪影响西蒙效应的强度,相比中性和正性情绪启动,负性情绪降低了西蒙效应。同时,情绪对西蒙效应的调节作用仅表现在水平西蒙效应而不是在垂直西蒙效应中。本文为情绪对西蒙效应的调节机制提供了行为学实验研究证据。     

“尚未存在”与“希望哲学”

批判传统的形而上学,是现代西方哲学的主要任务之一.然而,不同的哲学派别及其哲学家都提出了自己的批判理由.比如,分析哲学用“证实原则”来拒斥形而上学,海德格尔用“有根的存在论”来声讨“无根的本体论”.本文所论述的布洛赫的“希望哲学”,则是从“尚未存在”出发指责传统哲学的停滞和保守.作为一个典型的理想主义哲学家,布洛赫力图伸张哲学思考的未来向度,用以证明实现人类自由王国的可能性.     

多阶段增长模型的方法比较

多阶段增长模型（Piecewise Growth Modeling,PGM）可以解决发展趋势中具有转折点的情形,并且相对其他复杂的曲线增长模型,解释更简单.已有的统计方法主要通过多层线性模型和潜变量增长模型对多阶段模型进行估计.通过模拟研究,用HLM6.0和Mplus6.0对上述两种模型分别进行估计,结果发现在参数估计的精度上,两种估计方法没有差异,只是在犯一类错误的概率上后者略小.进一步通过对错误模型的探讨发现,在样本量小（n=50）,斜率变化小（△b=0.2）时,用线性模型拟合数据而非PGM所犯错误概率较小,整体拟合更佳.但随着样本的增加和斜率变化的增加,错误模型的犯错概率明显增大.故在实际应用中,为了能更好拟合数据,研究者应根据数据本身的情况选择恰当的模型.     

Electronic Friend or Virtual Foe: Exploring the Role of Competitive and Cooperative Multiplayer Video Game Modes in Fostering Enjoyment

Industry and scholarly sources both argue that multiplayer gaming and competition are important factors in creating enjoyment, but relatively little empirical work demonstrates this claim. This study uses an experimental design (N = 139) to evaluate the effects of different multiplayer modes on enjoyment, allowing participants to interact naturally with a confederate partner and manipulating both game mode and partner behavior in a game of Madden '08. Results show that enjoyment is significantly enhanced by the combination of competitive play and a friendly partner, and demonstrate that the quality of interpersonal interaction only partly accounts for this.     

Traffic-entry behavior and crash risk for older drivers with impairment of selective attention

Current research suggests that older drivers with declines in selective attention would make more unsafe traffic-entry judgments than would older drivers with normal attention. This hypothesis was tested using an instrumented vehicle and a LIDAR speed and range detector. Participants were 20 older drivers: 10 (M=72.0 yr.) had impairments of selective attention, measured with the Visual Attention Analyzer, Model 3000, and 10 were nonimpaired (M=71.2 yr.). Drivers pressed a button to indicate the last possible moment they could safely cross a road in front of an oncoming vehicle. The speed and distance of the oncoming vehicles were measured and time-to-contact was calculated. Each driver's time-to-cross the roadway was independently measured. Attention-impaired drivers showed shorter time-to-contact values (5.60 sec. versus 6.86 sec.), took longer to cross the roadway (5.41 sec. versus 4.84 sec.), and had shorter safety cushions (the difference between time-to-contact and time-to-cross the roadway). Monte Carlo simulation showed that these performance differences increased the crash risk of the impaired group by up to 17.9 times that of the nonimpaired group.