When we feel good and bad about ourselves: Self-esteem memories across cultures

Young adults in the United States, Croatia, and China described personal episodes of times when they felt especially good or bad about themselves. These self-esteem memories were either recent (episodes that occurred during the previous 4 weeks) or remote (episodes that occurred between the ages of 10 and 15). Systematic content differences between memories of positive and negative self-worth were apparent primarily for remote rather than for recent memories. Across cultures, long-lasting positive memories frequently represented achievement themes, whereas negative memories frequently represented social themes. Links between achievement success and positive self-regard, and between social distress and negative self-regard, are explained using theories of self-esteem and autobiographical memory.     

Phase transitions of Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5 bulk metallic glass at pressures up to 27 GPa

The phase transitions of Zr_41.2Ti_13.8Cu_12.5Ni₁₀Be_22.5 bulk metallic glass have been investigated under high pressures and at room temperature. Direct resistance measurements in a diamond anvil cell provide evidence of a reversible transition between amorphous and crystalline phases; crystallization events occurred at 24 and 26.2 GPa on uploading, and crystalline-to-amorphous phase transitions were observed at 16 and 10.6 GPa on downloading. The phase transitions were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy observations.     

幼儿非形式推理能力的发生与发展

针对在儿童非形式推理能力发生研究中评价标准不一和研究结果中发生年龄不同的问题,在论证并提出幼儿非形式推理发生评价标准的基础上,采用提示访谈法对333名3-6岁幼儿的非形式推理做了考察。结果显示:幼儿的我方推理普遍在3岁3个月～3岁9个月发生;他方推理普遍在4岁～4岁6个月发生;反驳推理普遍在4岁9个月～6岁发生。幼儿在推理过程中提出的理由数量随年龄的增长而增多,年龄差异显著,但无显著性别差异。研究中建立的评价指标体系可以有效测量幼儿非形式推理的发生和发展。     

多民族多宗教地区开展无神论思想宣传教育应注意的几个问题

宗教作为一种社会历史文化现象,在人类社会发展的各个时期都不同程度地影响着人们的思想、道德和行为,进而影响到人类历史、文化、国际政治、社会生活。文章立足新疆开展无神论教育的地位作用以及教育环境的特殊性和复杂性,指出在新疆这样一个多民族多宗教地区开展无神论思想宣传教育时应该注意的几个方面的问题。     

Interaction Between Phonological and Semantic Representations: Time Matters

Computational modeling and eye‐tracking were used to investigate how phonological and semantic information interact to influence the time course of spoken word recognition. We extended our recent models (Chen & Mirman, 2012; Mirman, Britt, & Chen, 2013) to account for new evidence that competition among phonological neighbors influences activation of semantically related concepts during spoken word recognition (Apfelbaum, Blumstein, & McMurray, 2011). The model made a novel prediction: Semantic input modulates the effect of phonological neighbors on target word processing, producing an approximately inverted‐U‐shaped pattern with a high phonological density advantage at an intermediate level of semantic input—in contrast to the typical disadvantage for high phonological density words in spoken word recognition. This prediction was confirmed with a new analysis of the Apfelbaum et al. data and in a visual world paradigm experiment with preview duration serving as a manipulation of strength of semantic input. These results are consistent with our previous claim that strongly active neighbors produce net inhibitory effects and weakly active neighbors produce net facilitative effects.     

网络新闻报道人物的社会分类:维度及对信任的影响

面对海量网络新闻,直觉或自动化加工过程在信息可信度判断中起重要作用,而与报道人物相关的社会类别信息是重要认知线索。本研究基于社会分类理论,探究网络新闻报道人物的社会分类维度及其与信任知觉的关系。以34名大学生为被试,采取层级分类任务对预备实验中得到的128个人物群体词语进行分类,并用多维标度法进行分析。结果表明,网络新闻人物的社会分类涉及社会地位高/低,社会距离远/近,传统/非传统三个维度,且后两个维度对信任知觉存在显著影响。研究结果揭示了人们对网络新闻报道人物的认知方式,拓展了信任的研究思路和方法。     

Can orange colour facilitate the processing of happiness? An exploration study on happiness metaphor

Colour is a ubiquitous perceptual stimulus, and theoretical models of colour and psychological functioning posit that colour plays a key role in influencing the behaviour and mental function of a person. One investigation and two experiments investigated the colour metaphor representation of happiness concepts and the mapping mode of the colour metaphor of happiness concepts. A questionnaire was conducted to explore the relationship between colour preference and happiness. Study 2 shows that the identification of happiness words was facilitated more when words were viewed on an orange background than when viewed on a blue background. Study 3 further verifies the links of the connection between colour and happiness at the sentence level, and the orange-happiness facilitation effect was replicated. These results document a novel influence of colour on emotion recognition processes, where an orange background may facilitate the processing of the concept of happiness and provide support for conceptual metaphor theory and colour-in-context theory.     

Protective and risk factors in health-enhancing behavior among adolescents in China and the United States: does social context matter?

An explanatory model of adolescent health-enhancing behavior based on protective and risk factors at the individual level and in 4 social contexts was used in a study of school-based samples from the People's Republic of China (n = 1,739) and the United States (n = 1,596). A substantial account of variation in health-enhancing behavior--and of its developmental change over time--was provided by the model for boys and girls, and for the 3 grade cohorts, in both samples. In both samples, social context protective and risk factors accounted for more unique variance than did individual-level protective and risk factors, and context protection moderated both contextual and individual-level risk. Models protection and controls protection were of particular importance in the explanatory account.