面部表情识别与面孔身份识别的独立加工与交互作用机制

面孔识别功能模型认为,面部表情识别与面孔身份识别是两条独立的并行路径。以往诸多研究者都认可并遵循二者分离的原则。但近期研究表明,面部表情识别与面孔身份识别存在交互作用。首先总结和分析已有的面部表情识别的研究成果,评述神经心理学与认知神经科学研究中的论争,然后介绍人脸知觉的分布式神经机制以及相关的实验证据,最后提出面部表情识别与面孔身份识别的多级整合模型,并展望研究前景。     

Bayesian SEM for Specification Search Problems in Testing Factorial Invariance

Specification search problems refer to two important but under-addressed issues in testing for factorial invariance: how to select proper reference indicators and how to locate specific non-invariant parameters. In this study, we propose a two-step procedure to solve these issues. Step 1 is to identify a proper reference indicator using the Bayesian structural equation modeling approach. An item is selected if it is associated with the highest likelihood to be invariant across groups. Step 2 is to locate specific non-invariant parameters, given that a proper reference indicator has already been selected in Step 1. A series of simulation analyses show that the proposed method performs well under a variety of data conditions, and optimal performance is observed under conditions of large magnitude of non-invariance, low proportion of non-invariance, and large sample sizes. We also provide an empirical example to demonstrate the specific procedures to implement the proposed method in applied research. The importance and influences are discussed regarding the choices of informative priors with zero mean and small variances. Extensions and limitations are also pointed out.     

视-听跨通道汉语词汇信息加工中的抑制机制

采用选择性再认的方法考察在汉语词汇加工过程中 ,视 -听跨通道信息与视觉单通道信息加工过程中的抑制机制。结果表明 :对于视觉词汇的总体再认“否”反应 ,单通道干扰条件下的成绩优于跨通道干扰条件下的成绩。在视觉词汇加工过程中 ,对外在干扰材料的抑制效率不受输入干扰刺激的通道的影响。抑制效率受干扰材料语义关系性的影响 ,与目标材料属于同一语义范畴的比异范畴的干扰材料更难以被抑制。     

中小学生的师生关系与其学校适应

采用问卷法,考察了小学五年级到初中三年级665名学生的师生关系及学校适应特点。结果表明,在师生关系的亲密性维度,初中三年级显著低于其他3个年级,而在冲突性维度则显著高于其他3个年级;在冲突性维度上,女生得分显著低于男生。师生关系可以归为3种类型:亲密型、一般型和冲突型。亲密型师生关系的学生在学校态度、学业行为和社会行为方面均显著好于一般型和冲突型师生关系的学生;师生关系对学校态度、学业行为和亲社会行为均有显著的预测作用;学校喜欢和回避对学业行为、退缩行为有显著的预测作用。     

多动症儿童教育方式研究

本文选取35名多动症儿童为被试,采用《康纳多动症评分量表》对经医学确诊的多动症儿童进行可疑程度分析.采用姚树桥、龚耀先编制的《儿童适应行为评定量表》对被试的社会适应行为进行评量.结果表明:多动症儿童在不同程度上存在适应行为问题,特别是在社会责任方面的水平较低,从年龄发展来看多动症儿童在小学三、四年级时适应水平最低.据此提出教育训练的重点和教育建议.     

异同比较中的维度转移效应

以有颜色的实心几何图形为刺激材料进行了4个实验,考察异同比较中异反应之间的序列效应,被试为北京农业工程大学本科生77名。实验1a和1b中前后刺激对完全平衡,而实验2a和2b中前后刺激对随机平衡。实验1a,2a和2b发现了维度转移效应,表现为对于异反应后的异反应,前后2次异反应的差异维度一致时的反应快于不一致时的反应。本文以认知神经科学已有的相关证据解释了该效应产生的原因,并指出该效应反映了选择性注意在异反应判断中起重要作用,而且当任务要求注意在刺激维度上的分配不断变化时,注意按照当前刺激的特点做实时的分配     

编码时间对序列视觉信息整合的影响

本研究采用空白单元格定位任务,探讨序列刺激整合的时间特性。实验1重复前人的实验,验证了时间间隔对整合绩效的影响;实验2系统操纵了对先前刺激的编码时间与时间间隔,结果发现,编码时间越长,记忆的效果越好,虽然会妨碍对随后刺激的知觉,但整合绩效越高;而随着时间间隔的延长,延长编码时间带来的优势逐渐减弱。结论提示,人们能够整合视觉短时记忆和视知觉的信息,而且这种整合的时间特性不同于知觉整合。     

表征、加工和控制在认知活动中的作用

三要素相互作用模型强调表征、加工和控制在认知活动中的作用,并将表征区分为内部表征和外部表征,加工区分为自动加工和受控加工,控制区分为自动控制和意识控制,提出认知活动具有四种性质：表征的复杂性和变化性,加工的简单性和程序性,控制的有效性和灵活性,以及其他因素（如文化、情绪、动机和个性等）的作用。基于上述观点,开展了一系列实验研究,取得了一些成果     

视觉的知觉-动作双系统理论中的论争

视觉的知觉-动作双系统理论认为,视觉的腹侧和背侧通路是两个独立系统,功能分别为表征世界和指导动作,相对应的视觉加工是彼此分离的。有关两条通路之间关系的其他观点可归结为两类：一类否认这种分工,另一类强调两个系统能相互影响。首先评述各种理论的核心问题、实验证据和贡献,进而分析视觉加工发生在一个特定系统的条件,得出的结论是：两个系统之间的功能划分是相对的,并因此导致了视觉加工的多变性。     

Negative expectations and bad relationships: Effects of negative metastereotypes on doctor–patient relationships

This research aimed to examine the effects of negative metastereotypes (i.e., patients believe that doctors have negative opinions about them) and conflict experience on doctor–patient relationships. A 2 × 2 experimental study was conducted on 84 outpatients who were randomly assigned to either a negative metastereotype activation (NMSA) condition or a nonnegative metastereotype activation (non‐NMSA) condition. Each group consisted of patients with and without conflict experience (CE). Intergroup anxiety and doctor–patient relationships were subsequently assessed. Results showed that NMSA and CE increased intergroup anxiety and undermined doctor–patient relationships. In addition, the interaction between NMSA and CE on doctor–patient relationships was significant. When negative metastereotypes were activated, patients with CE showed more unfavorable relationships with doctors as compared with those under non‐NMSA activation condition; no metastereotype effects on doctor–patient relationships were observed among patients without CE. These findings provided insights into an important predictor of doctor–patient relationships as well as its mechanism. Future studies should consider negative metastereotypes and CE to develop interventions for improving doctor–patient relationships.