Brain functions associated with verbal working memory tasks among young males with alcohol use disorders

This study aimed to investigate the differences in brain functions during verbal working memory between individuals with alcohol use disorders (AUD) and normal controls. fMRI was used to scan brain activations associated with verbal working memory while participants performed 2-back and 0-back tasks. A total of 21 young male college students participated in the study. Eleven of those who clinically met the criteria for AUD were assigned to the AUD group, whereas ten demographically similar subjects who were social drinkers but not AUD were assigned to the normal control group. The AUD group showed less activation in bilateral frontal and precentral, left superior temporal, left superior parietal, and left cerebellar cortex during the 2-back task relative to 0-back task compared to the normal control group. In contrast, the control group showed less activation only in the right uncus than the AUD group. These results suggest that subjects with AUD present abnormality in brain functioning during verbal working memory.     

生命科学的发展对医学的影响

生命科学的发展对医学的发展产生了巨大的影响.从医学模式的演进、诊断技术和仪器的不断创新、基因技术与全新的药物在各种复杂疾病诊断与治疗中的应用以及外科治疗的不断演进等方面分析了生命科学与高新技术发展对医学的影响.     

患者的依从性与治疗效果——对两例急性会厌炎使用硬管放大喉镜检查的体会

为了提高无呼吸困难的急性会厌炎患者对治疗的依从性,对两名明确诊断为急性会厌炎,因自觉症状轻而忽视该病、拒绝接受医生治疗意见的患者,本着医患之间相互理解与信任的原则,非常规地应用冷光源硬管放大喉镜成像技术对患者进行检查,让患者观察到自身病变的影像,充分认识治疗的必要性,积极配合医生治疗,取得良好治疗效果。     

Acceptability of Behavioral Family Therapy among Caregivers in China

In the U.S., helping the noncompliant child and parent child interaction therapy represent behavioral family therapy programs that are empirically supported for treating the conduct problems of 2- to 7-year old children. This study examined how caregivers in China would view behavioral family therapy. Caregivers in Hangzhou, China reported the perceived age of deviance for behavioral family therapy targets (e.g., noncompliance) and rated the acceptability of behavioral treatment components (e.g., timeout). Chinese caregivers agreed with European-American culture on considering noncompliance, aggression, tantrums, and negative talk deviant during the pre-school period. Overall, Chinese caregivers considered all the following nine behavioral family therapy components acceptable: contingent praise, responsive play, ignoring deviant attention seeking, authoritative instruction-giving, warnings, chair timeouts, ignoring tantrums during timeout, room backups for chair timeouts, and immediate timeouts for aggression. However, specific parental reservations were found regarding backup procedures for chair timeouts, particularly room backups. Possible treatment accommodations of behavioral family therapy for Chinese families are discussed.     

What you learn is what you see: using eye movements to study infant cross-situational word learning

Recent studies show that both adults and young children possess powerful statistical learning capabilities to solve the word-to-world mapping problem. However, the underlying mechanisms that make statistical learning possible and powerful are not yet known. With the goal of providing new insights into this issue, the research reported in this paper used an eye tracker to record the moment-by-moment eye movement data of 14-month-old babies in statistical learning tasks. Various measures are applied to such fine-grained temporal data, such as looking duration and shift rate (the number of shifts in gaze from one visual object to the other) trial by trial, showing different eye movement patterns between strong and weak statistical learners. Moreover, an information-theoretic measure is developed and applied to gaze data to quantify the degree of learning uncertainty trial by trial. Next, a simple associative statistical learning model is applied to eye movement data and these simulation results are compared with empirical results from young children, showing strong correlations between these two. This suggests that an associative learning mechanism with selective attention can provide a cognitively plausible model of cross-situational statistical learning. The work represents the first steps in using eye movement data to infer underlying real-time processes in statistical word learning.     

Unbalanced triangle in the social dilemma of trust: Internet studies of real‐time,real money social exchange between China,Japan, and Taiwan

Using a dyadic game theory paradigm, three experiments on the social dilemma of trust were conducted over the Internet in real time, involving real money. It was predicted and found that in‐group favouritism in trusting behaviour was contingent on historical relationships between societies. In the China–Japan experiment, mainland Chinese but not Japanese trusted and made fair allocations to in‐group members more than out‐group members, and out‐group trust was best predicted by positive stereotypes of the out‐group for Chinese and identity for Japanese. In the China–Taiwan experiment, Taiwanese but not Mainland Chinese trusted in‐group members more than out‐group members, and in‐group trust for Taiwanese was best predicted by perceptions of current realistic threats. In the Taiwan–Japan experiment, there were slight in‐group favouring tendencies in trust, and positive stereotypes of the out‐group were the best predictors of out‐group trust. Japanese were unique in not displaying in‐group favouring behaviour at all, whereas both Chinese and Taiwanese were context specific in their in‐group favouritism. Stereotypes, social identities, perceptions of realistic threat, and historical anger made significant contributions to predicting trusting behaviour, but overall these survey measures only accounted for small and inconsistent amounts of variance across the three experiments.     

Chinese Christians in America: Attachment to God,Stress, and Well‐Being

This study examined whether attachment to God moderated the relation between perceived stress and well‐being (i.e., life satisfaction and positive affect) among 183 Chinese Christian international students and immigrants. Results showed significant main effects of (a) perceived stress on life satisfaction and (b) secure attachment to God and avoidant attachment to God on life satisfaction and positive affect. There was a significant interaction of perceived stress and avoidant attachment to God on life satisfaction. Specifically, high avoidant attachment to God exacerbated the association between perceived stress and life satisfaction, whereas low avoidant attachment to God buffered the association between perceived stress and life satisfaction.     

从哲学的角度探讨广义流行病学概念发展

应用辩证逻辑、形式逻辑方法;借鉴诸多学科相关理论的新成果;结合流行病学发展历史与现状;探讨了流行病学概念新发展.研究结果表明;广义流行病学是一门揭示公众卫生问题的发生、发展与分布规律;分析问题与因素间关联的有无、性质及强度;研究应对策略、措施的有效性、安全性、经济性和可接受性;总结完善流行病学理论体系的科学.     

瑞格列奈联合甘精胰岛素治疗2型糖尿病合并慢性肾功能不全疗效观察

探讨甘精胰岛素联合瑞格列奈治疗2型糖尿病合并慢性肾功能不全的疗效.40例2型糖尿病患者采用甘精胰岛素和瑞格列奈联合治疗12周后患者血糖,肾功能和蛋白尿水平较对照组显著下降,治疗效果显著,值得临床推广使用.     

药学监护中的人文关怀对推动合理用药的影响与思考

药物是治疗疾病的物质基础,要真正做到药到病除,合理用药才是关键.对患者进行药学监护是现代医院药学发展的新趋势,在药学监护的基础上进行必要的人文关怀目的就是为了更好的推动合理用药.药学监护中的人文关怀可以明显提高患者的用药依从性,从而减少药物不良反应(ADR)推动合理用药,对提高医院的整体医疗质量具有重大意义.