Saving graces: Impact of partner support and maternal attachment on partner attachments in an individualistic and a collectivist context

The current study investigated the relationships between current attachment to mother and attachment to romantic partners, and the role of current partner support and culture as moderators of that relationship. University students who were currently in a romantic relationship were recruited from Hong Kong and USA, and completed measures on attachment styles and partner support. Results showed that maternal attachment anxiety was correlated with romantic attachment anxiety; maternal attachment avoidance was correlated with romantic attachment avoidance, but this linkage varied by level of current partner support. Romantic attachment avoidance was also associated with current partner support, but this linkage was stronger for HK Chinese than for Americans. These results are discussed in terms of how interpersonal and personality factors promoted by culture can affect the developmental course of romantic relationships.     

Measurement of auditory cues in drivers' distraction

A driving simulator was used to examine the effects on driving performance of auditory cues in an in-vehicle information search task. Drivers' distraction by the search tasks was measured on a peripheral detection task. The difficulty of the search task was systematically varied to test the distraction caused by a quantified visual load. 58 participants completed the task. Performance on both search tasks and peripheral detection tasks was measured by mean response time and percent error. Analyses indicated that in-vehicle information search performance can be severely degraded when a target is located within a group of diverse distractors. Inclusion of an auditory cue in the visual search increased the mean response time as a result of a change in modality from auditory to visual. Inclusion of such an auditory cue seemed to influence distraction as measured by performance on the peripheral detection task; accuracy was lower when auditory cues were provided, and responses were slower when no auditory cues were provided. Distraction by the auditory cue varied according to the difficulty of the search task.     

Ambiguity Advantage Revisited: Two Meanings are Better than One When Accessing Chinese Nouns

This paper revisits the effect of lexical ambiguity in word recognition, which has been controversial as previous research reported advantage, disadvantage, and null effects. We discuss factors that were not consistently treated in previous research (e.g., the level of lexical ambiguity investigated, parts of speech of the experimental stimuli, and the choice of non-words) and report on a lexical decision experiment with Chinese nouns in which ambiguous nouns with homonymic and/or metaphorical meanings were contrasted with unambiguous nouns. An ambiguity advantage effect was obtained—Chinese nouns with multiple meanings were recognized faster than those with only one meaning. The results suggested that both homonymic and metaphorical meanings are psychologically salient semantic levels actively represented in the mental lexicon. The results supported a probability-based model of random lexical access with multiple meanings represented by separate semantic nodes. We further discuss these results in terms of lexical semantic representation and how different experimental paradigms result in different ambiguity effects in lexical access.     

Treat and trick: A new way to increase false memory

This paper reports a new experimental manipulation that increased false memories 1 month after the manipulation. Mirroring the standard three‐stage misinformation paradigm (original event, misinformation, and test), subjects in the experimental group were first given a colour‐slide presentation of two stories (events), then given an accurate account (instead of misinformation) of the events in narrations, and finally tested for their memory of the original events. One month later, they underwent the standard misinformation paradigm with two new events. The comparison group was given the standard misinformation tasks at both time points. Results showed that the experimental group produced more false memories in the subsequent misinformation paradigm than did the comparison group. We focus on trust and credibility as possible mechanisms underlying this effect. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

短时存贮与复述动态分离的ERP证据

工作记忆参与信息的短时贮存和操作加工。为了分离参与词语短时存贮与复述的脑区及其时间过程,测量并比较了14名正常青年被试进行汉字2-back、0-back和复述任务时的事件相关电位(ERPs)。结果发现,2-back任务减复述任务在头皮后部出现差异波N430,可能反映了信息的短时存贮及其时间进程。2-back任务减0-back任务在头皮前部得到的持续负成分SNC可能是复述加工的动态指标。SNC和N430持续时间的重叠提示,大脑额叶和后部区域分别参与信息的复述和短时存贮,两者的动态分离加工可能是工作记忆中暂时保持的神经基础。     

小学教师科学素养的调查研究

为了解大连地区小学教师科学素养的现状,采用自编调查问卷对265名大连市城乡小学教师进行了调查研究。结果表明:1)本、专科学历小学教师的科学素养明显高于中专学历的教师;2)小学教师较好地掌握了小学水平的科学知识,但对中学以上水平的科学知识掌握较差;3)教师的科学素养水平没有表现出随教龄的增长而提高。     

中国大陆、香港和美国大学生主观幸福感比较

采用量表法对中国大陆、香港和美国三个地区的大学生被试的主观幸福感(SWB)进行了比较。差异检验表明,在总体SWB水平上,三个地区没有表现出显著差异,但在生活满意感、积极情感和消极情感维度上差异都显著。分层回归的结果发现,经济状况、社会关系和外在价值变量对三个地区大学生的生活满意感和积极情感都作出了增值贡献;外在准则变量对三个地区的消极情感作出了增值贡献。     

儿童"零"概念形成的实验研究

该研究通过3项系统实验探讨了学前至小学低中年级儿童视野、掌握和应用“零”概念的发展水平。结果表明,学前至小学低中年级儿童对“零”概念的理解、应用“零”进行加减运算、乘除运算的能力都是不断提高的。但是。对于把“零”作为除数或被除数的理解要落后于将其作为乘数或被乘数使用的理解。最后,综合三项实验结果进行了总体讨论。     

意识和无意识权衡现象的四个特征

本实验以探讨意识和无意识之间的复杂关系为目的 ,采用 5 (年龄 :老年、中年、大学生、初三和高小 )× 2 (贡献来源 :意识和无意识 )的两因素混合设计 ,通过加工分离程序 (PDP)的包含和排除测验 ,计算意识和无意识的贡献大小。结果表明在对具体图片的记忆中 ,1)意识和无意识贡献出现了发展上的分离 ;2 )老年组的无意识贡献高于意识贡献 ,但未达到显著水平 ,其余四个组别则表现出意识贡献水平极其显著地高于无意识贡献水平。在此基础上 ,本研究对意识和无意识的权衡现象的四个特征 (相互独立、相互作用、互为主次、互相依存 )分别进行了阐述     

Impact of telepresence levels on internet advertising effects.

This study examined the dimensions of interactivity and vividness to propose three telepresence levels: content presence, social presence, and personal presence. Then, an experiment investigated the impact of different telepresence levels on Internet advertising. The effects of interactions between vividness of visual imagery (VVI) and product types in relation to telepresence levels and advertising effects were also analyzed. The study employed a factorial design: 4 (levels of telepresence) x 2 (product types) x 2 (VVI). Levels of telepresence and product types were both manipulated between subjects. VVI was measured within subjects. Experimental findings showed that high levels of telepresence of an Internet advertisement increased subject recall and recognition. The low VVI respondent group would have greater recognition than traditional advertisements when respondents were exposed above the level 2 (social presence) advertisement and the effect of recognition increased from level 1 (content presence) to level 3 (personal presence). Recognition increased from level 1 (content presence) to level 2 (social presence) for both search and experience product groups; however, only recognition of the experience product group increased in level 3 (personal presence).