The Marxian conception of the working class and the development of physics

Marx extrapolated the relations of production of the factories of his time into his predictions about the development of the working class. These predictions are among the most important theses of Marxism-Leninism relative to the socialist world-revolution which the working class was to carry out. The physics of Marx' era was not very developed. Marx could have no inkling of the future development of physics and of its application to technology. This is why his predictions had to be in simple and direct proportion to the development of the relations of production of the time. Industry developed — thanks in part to the development of physics — in ways other than Marx had suspected. The use of modern physics, leading to cybernetics and automation, gradually changed the workers from forces of production to supervisory engineers. Were one to undertake today an extrapolation like that which Marx carried out, one would have to see as highly probable the disappearance of the very working class that Marx saw as carrying out the world-revolution.     

仪表显示器的照度、对比度、色饱和度对检察速度的影响

本文通过心理物理实验,从工程心理学角度,提出了仪表显示器的照度水平、对比度、色饱和度是相互关联的。它们是保证监盘工检察速度的重要目视条件。文章最后提供了仪表显示器的最佳照度、对比度、色饱和度等参数,可作为仪表显示器和电厂控制室室内设计的参考标准。     

单眼和双眼特定的McCollough效应及倾斜后效的消退过程

每个被试对互补的联合方位的图形适应后均产生单眼特定和双眼特定的McCollough效应。双眼的起始强度大于单眼的起始强度。单眼和双眼的McCollough效应的消退速度基本相同。在自然视觉条件下McCollough效应消退快,在完全黑暗的条件下没有明显的消退。说明导致McCollough效应恢复平衡的主要因素不是自发的过程,而与网膜刺激有关。倾斜知觉后效的消退在上述两种实验条件下没有明显的差别,因此可推测倾斜知觉后效的消退主要是神经疲劳的一个自发的恢复过程。     

中国人眼光谱相对视亮度函数的研究

问 题 人眼对光谱各波长的灵敏度,是产生一种阈限反应或主观相等亮度所需要的辐射能量的倒数。它们原称光谱视亮度,现在我们称之为光谱相对视亮度。即使是等能光谱,各波长引起的相对视亮度也很不相同。具体测量时除绝对阈限法外,一般常用匹配法:使人眼将不同波长的光谱色光分别和一个固定强度的白色标准光作亮度匹配,达     

Leader–follower risk orientation incongruence,intellectual stimulation,and creativity: A configurational approach

Prior work suggests that follower and leader risk orientation is positively associated with follower creativity. We suggest that this view is oversimplified and propose that follower creativity can be stimulated when leader and follower have diverging risk orientations. We, therefore, apply a configurational approach to creativity, evaluating varying combinations of leader and follower risk orientation on follower creativity. Across two field studies, we demonstrate that (a) follower creativity increases as leaders’ and followers’ risk orientations become more discrepant (i.e., incongruent); (b) follower creativity is higher when leader–follower dyads are congruent at moderate levels of risk orientation compared to congruence at the extremes (i.e., low and high levels); (c) follower‐experienced intellectual stimulation mediates the relationship between leader–follower risk orientation incongruence and congruence and follower creativity; and (d) that leader authority openness moderates the indirect effect of leader–follower risk orientation incongruence on creativity via follower‐experienced intellectual stimulation. Theoretical and practical implications specific to creativity and leader–follower relationships are discussed.     

镜像等效或守恒及其打破：从行为到认知神经机制的研究证据

镜像等效或守恒是动物与人类个体对两侧对称自然物体的一种进化自适应加工。但是, 这种知觉特性会妨碍包含镜像字符的文字阅读学习。阅读者有必要学会利用镜像泛化抑制的“去学习”机制, 打破镜像等效或守恒, 以获得识别镜像字符的能力。这一过程中, 左侧梭状回皮层通过与早期视觉皮层、顶叶皮层和口语脑网络的交互作用, 逐渐发展出一个可以识别镜像字符的视觉词形区(visual word form area, VWFA)。今后的研究需要关注两半球及其连合纤维在镜像等效或守恒加工中的作用、镜像泛化与抑制的详尽加工机制及其对镜像书写的影响、正常汉语儿童的汉字镜像泛化加工等问题。     

Bootstrap-Calibrated Interval Estimates for Latent Variable Scores in Item Response Theory

In most item response theory applications, model parameters need to be first calibrated from sample data. Latent variable (LV) scores calculated using estimated parameters are thus subject to sampling error inherited from the calibration stage. In this article, we propose a resampling-based method, namely bootstrap calibration (BC), to reduce the impact of the carryover sampling error on the interval estimates of LV scores. BC modifies the quantile of the plug-in posterior, i.e., the posterior distribution of the LV evaluated at the estimated model parameters, to better match the corresponding quantile of the true posterior, i.e., the posterior distribution evaluated at the true model parameters, over repeated sampling of calibration data. Furthermore, to achieve better coverage of the fixed true LV score, we explore the use of BC in conjunction with Jeffreys’ prior. We investigate the finite-sample performance of BC via Monte Carlo simulations and apply it to two empirical data examples.     

抵制说服:自我损耗对大学生态度改变的影响

以87名大学生为被试,采用2(损耗,非损耗)×2(强说服信息,弱说服信息)的实验设计,让被试完成损耗或非损耗任务后,阅读与其已有观念相反的或强或弱的说服信息,再测查其态度及认知反应,考察自我损耗对说服后态度的影响,并进一步考察认知反应在自我损耗与说服后态度关系中的作用。结果发现:(1)损耗组比非损耗组更容易顺从说服信息;(2)自我损耗及说服信息质量对说服后态度的交互作用边缘显著:在非损耗的情况下,个体阅读强、弱不同质量信息产生的态度有显著差异,在损耗情况下,个体阅读强、弱不同质量信息产生的态度差异不显著;阅读强说服信息,损耗组和非损耗组的态度差异不显著,阅读弱说服信息,损耗组的态度显著高于非损耗组;(3)自我损耗不影响个体的总体想法数量,但影响其思维偏好,自我损耗后个体更容易产生与说服信息一致的想法,中介分析表明自我损耗对说服后态度的影响是以思维偏好为中介的。