Crossbreeding and special handling of genetically nervous dogs

In studies of a healthy (A) and a nervous (E) genetic strain of pointer dogs, two techniques were utilized to determine environmental and hereditary influences. These were (1) reciprocal crossbreeding to females from each strain, and (2) split litters with special handling and human attention to one-half of each litter of nervous strain origin from birth through age six months. It is not possible to attribute the nervous behavior to an environmental mother effect since crossbred AE and EA offspring were highly similar on behavior tests of brief exploratory activity, rigid posturing to a loud noise and human avoidance behavior. Furthermore, special handling had almost no success in normalizing the responses of the nervous dogs in the behavior tests or in heart rate response to Effect-of-Person procedures. The results show that the biologic origin of the dogs is the most likely source of the nervousness; this has placed severe limits thus far on attempts to attenuate the condition.     

THE DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF RURAL AND URBAN UPBRINGING ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF COGNITIVE STYLES1

L'A. essaie de cerner les différences entre zones rurales et zones urbaines dans la manière d'élever les enfants, en prenant Ibusa comme exemple de bourg rural au Nigeria. L'éducation campagnarde, parce qu'on s'occupe de L'enfant relativement plus longtemps et de façon plus indulgente, favoriserait le développement d'une “ dépendance perceptive vis-à-vis du champ ”. Pour tester cette hypothèse, il administre, d'une part les tests CEFT et RFT à 65 adultes des deux sexes élevés a Ibusa et d'autre part, les tests RFT et EFT à 76 étudiants et étudiantes de L'Université Nsukka. Les résultats montrent qu'il y a une corrélation significative entre les deux tests pour les sujets de L'Université Nsukka, mais non pour les sujets d'Ibusa. On trouve des différences entre sexes dans les deux échantillons, avec une interaction significative entre sexe et alphabétisation pour les sujets Ibusa. Les étudiants d'éducation rurale sont significativement plus “ dépendants du champ ” que ceux qui ont été élevés à la ville pour le test RFT, mais non pour le test EFT. Les performances aux tests des étudiants d'éducation citadine, et plus spécialement celles des filles, sont plus proches des résultats obtenus par des sujets new yorkais que celles des étudiants qui ont recu une éducation rurale. L'A. discute des implications de ces résultats pour la classification et I'usage des tests de style cognitif dans une culture non-occidentale. II souligne la nécessité de poursuivre des recherches en Afrique et dans d'autres cultures non-occidentales, car on ne pourra généraliser les conclusions relatives aux corrélations entre facteurs de personnalité et mode de perception visuelle que si L'on tient compte des variables culturelles.     

Coronary blood flow in dogs: Effect of person

Experiments on dogs with electromagnetic flow probes implanted around a coronary artery and the ascending aorta indicate that the entry of a person into the experimental chamber can cause a remarkable increase in coronary blood flow. Heart rate usually increases considerably, blood pressure increases only slightly, while aortic blood flow increases at variable times before and after coronary blood flow. It is not yet clear whether these cardiovascular effects are due purely to “effect of person” or to conditioning, with the person as the signal for the momentary coronary occlusion (which the person subsequently accomplishes by manually closing a snare).     

Book reviews

Timing in Temporal Tracking. By J. A. Michon. Soesterberg, Netherlands: Institute for Perception RVO-TNO, Netherlands. 1967. Pp. 127.

Human Performance. By Paul M. Fitts and Michael I. Posner. Belmont, California: Brook/Cole Publishing Co. 1967. Pp. x + 162. 14s.

Human Memory. By Jack A. Adams. New York: Mcgraw Hill. I967. Pp. ix + 326. $9.50.

Biological Foundations of Language. By Eric H. Lenneberg. With Appendices by Noam Chomsky and Otto Marx. New York and London: Wiley. 1967. Pp. xvi+489. £6.

The Genesis of Language: A Psycholinguistic Approach. Edited by Frank Smith and G. A. Miller. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: The M. I. T. Press. Pp. xii + 400. $4.

Acquisition du Langage at Developpement de la Pensee. By H. Sinclair-de Zwart. Paris: Dound. 1967. Pp. vi+ 168. 23F.

Principles and Methods of Social Psychology. By E. P. Hollander. London and New York: Oxford University Press. 1967. Pp. xxiii + 520. 64s.

Current Perspectives in Social Psychology. Second Edition. Edited by E. P. Hollander and R. G. Hunt. London and New York: Oxford University Press. 1967. Pp. vii + 685. 40s. (paper).

The Use of Lateral Thinking. By Edward de Bono. London: Cape. 1967. Pp. 157. 18s.

“Instinct” and “Intelligence”: The Science of Behaviour in Animals and Man. By S. A. Barnett. London: Macgibbon & Kee. 1967. Pp. xiv + 250. 45s.     

The origin of the autokinetic effect

The effects of unbalanced fatigue of the ocular and neck musculature on the auto- kinetic effect are described. It is shown that after deviation of the eyes to an extreme position, fixation of a small light source with the eye in the central position gives rise to an immediate and pronounced autokinetic effect. This apparent movement is typically in the same meridian as that of the ocular deviation and is often, at all events at first, in the opposite direction. Similar, though less clear-cut, results are obtained after induction of unbalanced fatigue in the neck musculature. It is argued that the autokinetic effect observed under these conditions warrants treatment as a primary illusion of movement and does not involve a “framework” or standard of reference. In an appendix, a speculative model of the ocular control system and some preliminary observations are presented. It is concluded that the autokinetic effect is principally due to spontaneous minor fluctuations in the neural system which monitors the outward signals controlling eye movement.     

Reduction of examination anxiety and ‘stage-fright’ by group desensitization and relaxation

The results of the experiment in group desensitization, relaxation and imagination of exam situations in groups of children (n = 23) and students (n = 13) show that systematic desensitization is an efficient method for reducing stage-fright. Some transient positive effects were also achieved with a modification of the Schultz method of relaxation. Interviews, a Fear Survey Schedule and a test of palmar perspiration were used in the assessment of effects. The main conclusions are concordant with previous studies in desensitization (e.g. Lang and Lazovik, 1963; Rachman, 1965, 1966 a and b; Lazarus, 1961; Paul and Shannon, 1966) and the present results provide interesting comparisons.