中文阅读中副中央凹与中央凹相互影响的眼动实验

采用眼动轨迹记录法结合边界呈现的实验范式, 当注视点越过特定位置时, 预视字则变为另一目标字, 从而保证预视字只呈现在副中央凹区域。实验1自变量为预视字频率, 预视字与目标字均与当前句子具有语义连贯性。实验发现, 当预视字是低频时, 中央凹的首次注视时间和凝视时间更短。实验2在预视字与当前句子语义不连贯的情况下进一步探讨预视字的字频对中央凹加工的效应。实验发现, 预视字是高频时, 中央凹的首次注视时间和凝视时间更短。然而在以区域作为数据分析的单位时, 副中央凹-中央凹效应仅在首次注视时间上呈现显著。上述结果表明, 副中央凹的词汇属性会对中央凹的加工产生一定的影响, 但这种影响比较微弱, 该结果为阅读加工理论中的并行加工理论提供了一定的支持。     

多元化建构医学生的临床决策能力——以麻醉专业学生为例

文章从多维视角对建构医学生的临床决策能力进行了研究和探讨,突出从科学决策(博学、信息层面、实践累积和思维模式)、伦理学和法律、心理学(个体和群体心理)以及经济学四个维度揭示了医学生临床决策能力建构的多元化,优化了构建医学生临床决策能力的培养模式,在麻醉专业学生取得了较好的效果,有助于综合素质的培养,能够更好地构建麻醉专业学生的临床决策能力,遵循临床决策的基本原则,保障医疗质量和安全、改善医患关系、提升医学生今后从事麻醉医疗服务能力。     

基于服务场景的中国医务社工角色探讨

明确定义中国医务社工的角色内涵与工作职责十分必要。基于入院前、急诊、门诊、住院、出院与安宁疗护六个不同医疗服务场景,仔细梳理并描述医务社工的角色与职责,体现医务社工的角色价值,推动社会、患者及其家属、医生与护士,乃至医务社工自身对该职业的理解与认同。此外,对应不同场景下医务社工的角色与职责,提出该群体需具备的知识与技能,并就如何确保此类知识与技能被中国医务社工牢固掌握提出有关教育与培训的建议。     

跨期选择的认知机制与神经基础

跨期选择是指个体对发生在不同时间的成本与收益进行权衡的决策过程。跨期选择的计算模型从经济学的角度用数学模型来建构时间折扣函数,而认知成分模型则从心理学的角度来研究跨期选择中的心理效应与认知成分。跨期选择的神经基础有三种不同的研究取向：双机制加工取向、单机制加工取向、自我控制取向。未来研究应该在跨期选择的认知机制、神经通路及运行机制、跨期选择的应用,以及从进化的角度对人与动物的跨期选择行为进行更深入的研究。     

Influence of the large–small split effect on strategy choice in complex subtraction

Two main theories have been used to explain the arithmetic split effect: decision‐making process theory and strategy choice theory. Using the inequality paradigm, previous studies have confirmed that individuals tend to adopt a plausibility‐checking strategy and a whole‐calculation strategy to solve large and small split problems in complex addition arithmetic, respectively. This supports strategy choice theory, but it is unknown whether this theory also explains performance in solving different split problems in complex subtraction arithmetic. This study used small, intermediate and large split sizes, with each split condition being further divided into problems requiring and not requiring borrowing. The reaction times (RTs) for large and intermediate splits were significantly shorter than those for small splits, while accuracy was significantly higher for large and middle splits than for small splits, reflecting no speed–accuracy trade‐off. Further, RTs and accuracy differed significantly between the borrow and no‐borrow conditions only for small splits. This study indicates that strategy choice theory is suitable to explain the split effect in complex subtraction arithmetic. That is, individuals tend to choose the plausibility‐checking strategy or the whole‐calculation strategy according to the split size.     

心血管疾病发生的生物钟现象与时间治疗学

生物钟是生物为了适应其生存环境周而复始的变化(如昼夜变化、四季变化等)在长期进化过程中形成的机体固有节律.研究表明生物钟节律的异常参与了心血管疾病的发生、发展.因此通过研究血管疾病的发生与生物钟的关系,建立新的治疗方法,即时间治疗学,来治疗和预防心血管疾病.     

维吾尔族三语者的非熟练第三语言的概念表征特征

使用跨语言启动条件下的真假词汇判断任务,以母语为维语,第二语言为汉语,第三语言为英语的维吾尔族大学生为被试。通过两个实验探讨了维吾尔族三语者不熟练的第三语言的语义表征特点,即他们的第三语言的语义是共同存储还是独立存储问题。结果发现,跨语言的启动条件下,在实验一,启动刺激（维语）与目标刺激（英语）之间具有语义联想关系时,产生了显著的启动效应。在实验二,启动刺激（英语）与目标刺激（维语）之间没有产生语义启动效应。这些结果表明,被试的第三语言的语义概念表征是同第一语言的概念表征共同存储的;被试的母语较容易启动第三语言,但非熟练的第三语言不太容易启动母语,这是因为被试的第三语言还没有达到一定程度的熟练水平。     

Unconscious structural knowledge of form-meaning connections

We investigated the implicit learning of a linguistically relevant variable (animacy) in a natural language context (namely, the relation of forms of determiners to semantics). Trial by trial subjective measures indicated that exposure to a form–animacy regularity led to unconscious knowledge of that regularity. Under the same conditions, people did not learn about another form–meaning regularity when a linguistically arbitrary variable was used instead of animacy (size relative to a dog). Implicit learning is constrained to acquire unconscious knowledge about features with high prior probabilities of being relevant in that domain.     

Emotional reactions to scandals: When does moral character make a difference?

A scandal can evoke public outrage when it is widely publicized and involves an individual who is perceived to have a high level of cultural representativeness. Two experiments showed that when the scandalous target's moral character was highlighted, emotional responses towards the target were least negative when the scandal was widely circulated and when the target was seen as a representative of his culture. These results suggest that when a cultural symbol is implicated in a widely‐circulated scandal, the negative emotions directed towards the scandalous individual can be alleviated when the public remains confident in his or her commitment to morality.     

成人面部表情及其判断的初步探讨

本实验就Izard提出的十种基本情绪采集了成人的面部表情照片,并进行了辨认评定以及同婴儿相应面部表情的比较工作。本实验结果支持了Izard的观点,认为面部表情的发生和辨认有着客观的生物基础,同时证明成人与婴儿的面部表情之间有很大连续性,从而验证了情绪表情具有先天程序化的内在本质的假设。