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41.
- This paper investigates the impact of US‐based franchising in the Middle Eastern context of Egypt. In a review of the franchise literature, micro‐ and macro‐level effects are identified and categorized across social, economic, cultural, political, and marketplace dimensions. A qualitative analysis using focus groups of Middle Eastern consumers was conducted. Clear evidence of “consumer agency” as a transformative force in the globalization process is revealed. In addition to confirming consumer agency findings from previous research, this study also indicates a sequential progression of product adoption over time along Eckhardt and Mahi's (2004) consumer agency categories. Managerial and theoretical implications are discussed.
42.
Susan A. Bandes Marie Pryor Erin M. Kerrison Phillip Atiba Goff 《Behavioral sciences & the law》2019,37(2):176-194
In Terry v. Ohio, the US Supreme Court relied on a balancing test to uphold the reasonableness of the practice known as “stop and frisk,” balancing the contribution of the practice to effective crime prevention and detection against the nature and quality of the intrusion to individual rights. In recent years, statistics have been powerfully deployed by legal scholars, jurists, and policymakers to challenge the assumption that stop and frisk leads to frequent discovery of contraband or other criminal behavior, and to address stark racial and ethnic disparities in the deployment of stop and frisk. However, the other side of the Terry equation—the nature and quality of the intrusion—has received far less attention from the legal community. With few exceptions, Terry jurisprudence portrays the Terry frisk simply as a brief pat‐down of the outer clothing and treats each Terry stop as an isolated encounter for purposes of measuring the harm involved. Yet there is a robust social science literature on the effects of stop and frisk on individuals, including data on its effects on individuals from marginalized or vulnerable groups, on individuals over time, and on communities as a whole. Moreover, stop and frisk in the current era has evolved from a tool in the arsenal of individual officers to a systematic, widely deployed strategy. This article argues that the failure to grapple with the application of modern knowledge to modern policing practices leads to a mismeasurement on both sides of the Terry equation. Not only does stop and frisk cause a wide range of emotional and psychological harms; these harms may also interfere with the ability of law enforcement to prevent and investigate crime. Even apart from any legal doctrinal implications for stop and frisk jurisprudence, recognizing the flawed assumptions described in this article should encourage all the relevant stakeholders to re‐evaluate the consequences of the Terry regime. 相似文献
43.
Jim E.H. Bright Robert G.L. Pryor Jeniyanti Rijanto 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》2009,75(1):14-25
This article reports three studies on the nature and impact of chance events. The first study investigated chance events in terms of the dimensions of influence and control. The second and third studies investigated the effects of multiplicity of chance events on career development are in terms of respondents’ own careers and then in terms of career scenarios. Results indicated that chance events can be characterized by the interactive influence of influence and control. High influence and low control chance events had the biggest impact on career development. When there is a connection between multiple chance events, the impact is greater than when unrelated chance events occur. The finding was confirmed regardless of whether individuals rated their own experiences or those presented in scenarios. However, it was also found that negative outcome chance events had the greatest impact regardless of whether such events were single or multiple influences on individuals’ careers. The results provide further support for the integration of chance events into the Chaos Theory of Careers. 相似文献
44.
During a 10-week period 24 kindergarten children in a treatment group were exposed to nontraditional vocational role models and curricular materials, and a control group, consisting of 24 kindergarten children, was exposed to a curriculum unrelated to vocational or sex roles. Using a t test for related measures, the pretest and post-test scores were compared. The results were that the children in the treatment group were only slightly less traditional in their vocational role preferences at the end of the 10-week treatment. None of the t values were significant. These findings are compared to an earlier study in which one of the authors was involved and which used a similar, shorter term treatment (2 weeks). The results of this study are discussed in the context of L. Kohlberg's (E. Maccoby (Ed.), The Development of Sex Differences. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press, 1966.) Cognitive Developmental Theory of Sex Roles. Some possible implications for role-related education and further research are suggested. 相似文献
45.
Absolute odor thresholds for methyl isobutyl ketone were estimated under five conditions: odor sample-to-air blank ratios of 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, 4:1, and 9:1. Each of the five ratios was presented in two replicated balanced Latin square sequences to five adult human Ss. The results showed that significantly lower estimates of the threshold were obtained when the ratio of odor samples to air blanks was 1:1. These results are discussed in terms of possible adaptation effects, maintenance of an internal frame of reference as a basis for decisions, and response matching to pay-off expectancy. 相似文献
46.
This investigation examined the impact of genderand culture on reactions to sexual harassment charges.Specifically, we explored the degree of the punishmentrecommended in response to allegations of sexual harassment in an academic context. NorthAmerican (n = 330, average age = 20.57 years, 90%Caucasian) and Brazilian (n = 214, average age = 21.62years, 95% Caucasian) undergraduates read a fictitiousnewspaper article that described an alleged case of sexualharassment involving a male instructor and a femaleundergraduate. The alleged perpetrator's power, hisprofessed romantic interest in the target, and the salience of discrimination concerns weremanipulated. Participants rated the degree to which hisactions were punishable. Overall, women and NorthAmericans advocated more punishment to the allegedharasser than men and Brazilians, respectively.Conditions that increase or reduce the punishment ratingsare discussed. 相似文献
47.
48.
Stigma by association represents the process through which the companions of stigmatized persons are discredited. Conduits for stigma by association range from the strong and enduring bonds of kinship to the arbitrary occasions of being seen in the company of someone who is stigmatized. A theoretical model is proposed in which both deliberative and spontaneous processes result in the spread of stigma to the companions of stigmatized persons. Support for this model was found across 3 studies that examined how explicit and implicit stigma-relevant attitudes moderate stigma-by-association effects. When social relationships were meaningful (e.g., kinship), both explicit and implicit attitudes moderated the devaluation of stigmatized persons' companions. On the other hand, when social relationships appeared coincidental only implicit attitudes moderated companion devaluation. 相似文献
49.
Joshua D. Miller Ally Dir Brittany Gentile Lauren Wilson Lauren R. Pryor W. Keith Campbell 《Journal of personality》2010,78(5):1529-1564
ABSTRACT Paulhus and Williams (2002) identified a “Dark Triad” comprising the following related personality styles: narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism. The heterogeneity found in narcissism and psychopathy raises the possibility of a second triad made up of emotional vulnerability and dark traits (i.e., the vulnerable dark triad; VDT). Along with vulnerable narcissism and Factor 2 psychopathy, the third member of the hypothesized VDT is borderline personality disorder (BPD). Using a sample of 361 undergraduates, we examine the relations between these constructs and their relations with criterion variables, including personality, environmental etiological factors (e.g., abuse), and current functioning (e.g., psychopathology, affect). The results suggest that the VDT constructs are significantly related to one another and manifest similar nomological networks, particularly vulnerable narcissism and BPD. Although the VDT members are related to negative emotionality and antagonistic interpersonal styles, they are also related to introversion and disinhibition. Ultimately, it seems there is a “dark continuum” of pathological personality traits that differ primarily in relation to negative and positive emotionality and disinhibition. 相似文献
50.
HIV‐related stigma in social interactions: Approach and avoidance behaviour in a virtual environment
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Henna L. Toppenberg Arjan E. R. Bos Robert A. C. Ruiter Daniël H. J. Wigboldus John B. Pryor 《European journal of social psychology》2015,45(2):169-179
People living with HIV are a stigmatized group in our society, especially homosexual people living with HIV. One of the behavioural manifestations of stigmatization is an increased interpersonal distance kept during social interactions. Immersive virtual environment technology enables the experimental study of social interactions in an accurate and relatively unobtrusive manner. Using a virtual hospital room, we measured to what extent diagnosis (HIV, cancer or broken leg) and sexual orientation (homosexual or heterosexual) were related to approach behaviour (based on the interpersonal distance and the speed of approach), and the degree patients were looked at (as was obtained from an additional exploration of our head orientation data). Moreover, implicit and explicit attitudes were predicted to moderate this relationship. Participants (N = 50) were healthy, heterosexual students. A main effect of diagnosis revealed larger interpersonal distances from patients with HIV than from patients with cancer. Also, an interaction effect demonstrated that distances were largest when the HIV patient was homosexual. Furthermore, a main effect of diagnosis showed that HIV and cancer patients were approached more slowly than broken leg patients, an effect that was larger for HIV than for cancer patients. In addition, head orientation analyses revealed that patients with HIV were relatively ‘looked at’ more often as well as relatively ‘looked away from’ less often than patients with cancer and patients with a broken leg. None of these effects however were found to be moderated by implicit and explicit attitudes. These findings provide behavioural evidence for the stigmatization of people living with HIV and homosexuals with HIV in particular. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献