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91.
Previous research has shown that it is easier to recognize familiar faces when shown moving, rather than static, especially when viewing conditions are difficult (Knight & Johnston, 1997; Lander, Christie, & Bruce, 1999). One possible theoretical reason for the moving-face advantage is that we learn "characteristic motion signatures" for familiar faces, associated with the face representation in memory. To examine this idea we investigated the role of motion at test when learning faces from either static images or moving sequences (Experiment 1). Results suggest that there is only an advantage for motion at test when the face is learned moving. In Experiment 2 we map the importance of facial motion as a face becomes increasingly familiar, on a television drama. We demonstrate that the beneficial effect of motion is not dependent on the amount of time the face is viewed. Results from both experiments support the idea of rapidly learned characteristic motion patterns. 相似文献
92.
Quyen Q. Tiet Hector R. Bird Christina W. Hoven Ping Wu Robert Moore Mark Davies 《Journal of child and family studies》2001,10(3):347-365
Maternal psychopathology has long been recognized as a risk factor for psychopathology in offspring; however, some resilient youth achieve a favorable outcome in the presence of maternal psychopathology. We identified factors that predicted resilience among youth who were exposed to adverse life events, and also examined whether the same factors protected youth against maternal psychopathology and adverse life events. Main and interaction effects of child and family factors were examined employing cross-sectional data from a household probability sample of 1285 youth aged 9 through 17 collected at four sites. On average, children exhibited a greater degree of resilience when they had higher IQ, closer parental monitoring, better family functioning, higher educational aspiration, and were female. Interaction between maternal psychopathology and IQ was significant, and there was a trend between maternal psychopathology and gender. A higher IQ is a protective factor against both maternal psychopathology and adverse life events; whereas being a girl seems to be a protective factor against maternal psychopathology, but not adverse life events. 相似文献
93.
J M Davies 《The Psychoanalytic quarterly》2001,70(4):757-788
This paper attempts to explore the ways in which Western child-rearing practices do not provide an early interpersonal experience in which infantile, sexual, or sensual-erotic experience is held, contained, and given meaning within a safe parent-child dyad. It is the author's basic premise that this normative developmental process fosters a dissociation of unformulated aspects of early sexual and sensual-erotic experience, leaving much of the experience ensconced in unsymbolized and therefore relatively inchoate image, sensation, and affect. The impact of such a dissociation on the patient-analyst relationship is explored, specifically at times when sexual or erotic material begins to impact upon transference-countertransference processes. An extended clinical example is provided. 相似文献
94.
95.
This article reports an experiment to investigate the idea that time-of-day differences in memory for text are related to
type of text processing that is carried out at different times of day. In particular, it was hypothesized that subjects tested
in the morning tend to retain more of the exact wording of the text, whereas those tested in the afternoon are more likely
to produce a meaning-based representation. The results of a recognition test showed that, in agreement with other studies,
immediate text memory is better in the morning than in the afternoon. As predicted, the subjects tested in the morning better
remembered the exact wording of the original passages. However, the idea that memory for meaning is better in the afternoon
than the morning was not supported by the data. The results suggest that subjects at both times of day produce a meaning-based
representation of the text but, in the morning, this representation is supported by good verbatim memory, enabling accurate
recall of the text at that time. 相似文献
96.
Since clear relationships exist between age, gender, and the occurrence of different kinds of accident, safety researchers
and educators need to take account of recent work in developmental and environmental psychology, which is leading to a revised
view of children’s environmental competence. Studies of the development of risk perception and risk-taking are first reviewed:
these have identified three broad phases through which children proceed, culminating in an understanding of the interaction
between their own perspective, that of other participants, and characteristics of the situation itself in the causation of
accidents. This broad picture is in line with the reformulations of Piagetian stage theory which have occurred in recent years:
rather than being “pre-operational” or “egocentric” in a global sense, young children’s main limitations seem to be in applying
the principles of routines or drills from one setting to another, and studies of attention and memory show that the amount
of information children are able to process improves with age, as does their resistance to distraction. Three aspects of individual
differences seem to have an influence upon risk-taking, namelygender, reflection-impulsivity, andfamily structure, and the findings are reviewed in each case. As children get older they experience an increasingly wide variety of unfamiliar
situations, and it is essential to understand the interaction between these age changes in environmental circumstances and
mechanisms of developmental change in formulating programmes for safety education. 相似文献
97.
Michael C. Murphy Beverly Vidaurreta Wright Davies E. Bellamy 《Journal of multicultural counseling and development》1995,23(3):170-180
Research indicates that graduate programs in counseling and clinical psychology are beginning to include more courses on multicultural issues. Little data is available, however, concerning the inclusion of training in multicultural issues in predoctoral psychology internship training programs. This study examined the amount and type of such training actually occurring at predoctoral psychology internship training programs in university counseling centers. 相似文献
98.
Classical conditioning has traditionally been referred to as a 'dumb form of learning'; however, psychological activity can be redefined in terms of the conditioned reflex by considering other more complex forms of conditioning, i.e., configural or semantic conditioning. In this paper it is argued that conditioning may underpin both human perception and consciousness and previous experiments involving perceptual conditioning are outlined. Recent experiments which involve a new paradigm of ideational conditioning have shown that cognitions can play a part in conditioning processes. It is shown here that ideational conditioning demonstrates unequivocally that thoughts alone are adequate stimuli for acquisition of behavioural responses and that these experiments may help to bridge the cognitive-behaviourist divide. 相似文献
99.
100.
Children aged approximately 8.5–9.5 years were shown either names (NP), or pictures (PP), of objects, for each of which they located the corresponding likenesses among an array of alternatives. Written recall and identification accuracy were assessed at 5 hr and 3 days after presentation. As predicted, NP produced significantly superior recall to PP. The rate of identification for recalled items among Ss in PP was significantly higher than that for NP. This result was interpreted as supporting the view that the superiority of NP in recall derives from the fact that Ss may rely upon retrieval from either name or image of each item whereas those in PP must depend upon image alone. This interpretation was extended to take two unexpected findings into account: (i) the superior overall identification accuracy engendered by PP, particularly at the longer time interval; (ii) the relatively weak relationship between identification accuracy and recall scores among matching Ss. 相似文献