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481.
Professor P. Aarne Vesilind 《Science and engineering ethics》1996,2(3):307-318
Engineers and scientists, whose professional responsibilities often influence the natural environment, have sought to develop
an environmental ethic that will be in tune with their attitudes toward the non-human environment, and that will assist them
in decision making regarding questions of environmental quality. In this paper the classical traditions in normative ethics
are explored in an attempt to formulate such an environmental ethic. I conclude, however, that because the discipline of ethics
is directed at person-person interactions, ethics as a scholarly discipline does not help us understand how we ought to treat
non-human nature. We therefore cannot look to ethics as a source for understanding our attitudes and for providing guidance
to our actions with regard to the environment. To do so is to ask too much of ethics.
If we are to find an acceptable environmental morality, it must come from a new paradigm. One approach might be to understand
our attitudes on the basis of spirituality, modeled after animistic religions. 相似文献
482.
Spier R 《Science and engineering ethics》1996,2(3):291-306
The issues relating to the licensing of a biopharmaceutical are described. In particular attention is focused on the mind
of the regulator who has the responsibility of recommending licensure. There are two key factors which operate on the mind
when confronted with such a task: psychology and ethics. The different factors which influence the psychological acceptability
of a product for licensure are many and varied; they include perceived need, novelty, education, context and others. Also
involved is the regulator’s view of the ethicality of such products and the organisms which make them, with particular reference
to those which are genetically engineered. These ethical views are in turn derived by reference to basic systems of ethics
which provide guidelines for behavior. It is important for the manufacturers of biopharmaceuticals to be aware of both the
psychological and ethical aspects of the regulator’s mind when addressing such individuals with a view to obtaining a license
to manufacture a particular biopharmaceutical. 相似文献
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486.
Professor Philip A. Mann 《American journal of community psychology》1973,1(4):377-387
This report describes a project designed to return to regular classrooms a group of rural poor elementary schoolchildren who were suspected of having been misplaced in special classes for the educable mentally retarded. At the end of the 3-year project, more than half the children were returned to regular classrooms, with proportionately more boys than girls being returned. The total sample of Project students gained significantly in verbal IQ over the course of the project, compared with a sample of students who remained in special education classes. The implications of the project for research, intervention programs, and educational practices are discussed.This study was supported by a grant from the Hogg Foundation for Mental Health. 相似文献
487.
Tests purporting to reflect the learning aptitudes of school children differ much more than generally is recognized. However, error in assesing such learning aptitude inheres much more in the users of the tests than in the tests themselves. Assumptions fundamental to such assessment, or even testing, are considered. It is particularly important that the assessor, or tester, constantly be sensitive to the nature of the relationship between the psychological demands of test items or tests and the learning demands confronting the child. Even tests that generally are grossly or crudely used often can yield psychoeducationally meaninful information if their results are differentially perceived in terms of the light they throw on the psychological operations fundamental to learning, “process,” as contrasted with that thrown on the results of the functioning of such operations, “product.” 相似文献
488.
The experiences Black youths bring to school with them constitute a distinctive, viable culture. Their subsequent performance in educational and psychological testing situations cannot be assessed adequately without consideration of their particular attitudes, perceptions, and behavioral patterns, for all of these are determined by a kind of cultural conditioning which differs, in some fundamental ways, from mainstream Americans. Several of the social and psychological characteristics of Black culture are discussed. Included are Blacks' attitudes toward whites, systems of time allocations, expressions of identity, attitudes toward learning, dissemination of information among Blacks, Black learning styles and maturation processes. Each is discussed further in terms of its manifestation in a testing or assessment situation; how it conflicts with the assessor's orientations and expectations; and how distorted, unreliable evaluations result from the failure of assessors to consider implications of cultural relativism in interpreting Black behavior. 相似文献
489.
The problem of inferring the validity of a selection test (x) as a predictor of some criterion (y) when completexy data are not available is investigated. The basic approach is to construct the predictive probability distribution of the
unobservedy scores and then derive interval estimates of the least squares regression weights, the difference in averagey scores for selected and unselected cases, and the residual variance in predictingy fromx. Further, an approximation to the predictive distribution of the squared correlation betweenx andy in a future group is derived. 相似文献
490.
Professor Richard C. Erickson 《Journal of religion and health》1983,22(1):74-81
Underlying various actions of both the therapist and the patient are expectations about the measure to which an individual's experiences are the product of powerful external forces or of the person's own actions and decisions. While most of our anthropological theories support the notion that a person's experience is subject to an external locus of control, neither that view nor the opposite emphasizing freedom and autonomy is adequate for the therapeutic enterprise. THere are elements of truth in both positions that ned to be incorporated in therapeutic expectations if the enterprise is to proceed in an orderly fashion. 相似文献