Faktorenanalytische Untersuchungen zur Differenzierungshypothese der Intelligenz: Die Leistungsdifferenzierungshypothese

Ohne ZusammenfassungIn gekürzter Form anläßlich der 5. Tagung experimentell arbeitender Psychologen am 10. 4. 1963 in Tübingen vorgetragen.     

Associative symmetry versus independent associations in the memory for object-location associations

The formation of associations between objects and locations is a vital aspect of episodic memory. More specifically, remembering the location where one experienced an object and, vice versa, the object one encountered at a specific location are both important elements for the memory of an event. Whether episodic associations are holistic representations of individual components or whether there are unidirectional, separately modifiable connections between them has been investigated nearly exclusively using verbal stimuli. A preliminary conclusion concerning this controversy is that verbal associations are, at least, highly correlated (M. J. Kahana, 2002). This theoretical debate, which in the past has undergone a major empirical effort, is still of relevance for the concurrent global matching models of associative memory (S. E. Clark & S. D. Gronlund, 1996). The authors used variations of a novel object-location learning paradigm to complement the accumulated evidence regarding the nature of episodic associations.     

Beiträge zur sensori-tonischen Feldtheorie der Wahrnehmung

Zusammenfassung 30 weibliche und 30 männliche Versuchspersonen gaben im Dunkelraum bzw. mit geschlossenen Augen bei seitlicher Körperneigung bis in die Horizontale an, in welcher Position ihnen eine Leuchtlinie und ein Metallstab senkrecht erschienen. In nichtlinearer Abhängigkeit vom Grad der Körperneigung zeigten sich dabei Abweichungen der scheinbaren von der objektiven Vertikalen. Die Tendenz dieser Abweichung war für den visuellen wie für den taktilen Wahrnehmungsbereich gleich, bei geringer Körperneigung entgegen, bei großer Körperneigung in die Richtung der Neigung, wobei letztere Tendenz stärker für die visuelle Vertikale ausgeprägt war. Die Ergebnisse wurden auf dem Boden der sensoritonischen Wahrnehmungstheorie interpretiert, nach der sich die Veränderungen in der Lage der scheinbaren Vertikalen nach dem Prinzip der sensori-tonischen Induktion auf Tonusveränderungen des Organismus durch die Scitwärtsneigung zurückführen lassen. Zur Erklärung der nichtlinearen Beziehung zwischen Körperneigung und Abweichung der scheinbaren Vertikalen wurde ein dynamisches Kräftespiel zwischen einer Tendenz zur Reizzuwendung und einer im Dienst der Konstanterhaltung der Wahrnehmungswelt dieser entgegenwirkenden Reaktion angenommen. Das Ergebnis dieses Kräftespiels ließ sich interpretieren, wenn man die Bedeutung einer Konstanterhaltung der Raumdimensionen in aufrechter gegenüber liegender Körperstellung für den visuellen Fernraum gegenüber dem taktilen Nahraum berücksichtigt.

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Summary Thirty male and 30 female Ss indicated by means of a luminescent rod in the darkroom and by means of a metal bar with closed eyes the vertical direction of space under systematic variation of tilt from erect to the horizontal position. Deviations of apparent from true vertical had a non-linear relation to the degree of body tilt. The trend of deviations was similar for the visual and tactual experiment: With small angles of body tilt apparent vertical tended to deviate opposite to the direction of tilt; with large degrees of tilt apparent vertical tended to deviate in the direction of tilt. The latter tendency was more pronounced for visual than for tactual vertical.The results were interpreted in keeping with sensory-tonic field theory of perception, according to which deviations of apparent vertical were due to changes in the sensory-tonic state of the organism. Such changes were experimentally introduced through lateral body tilt. To explain the non-linear relation between deviations of apparent vertical and the degree of body tilt, it was hypothesized that there is a dynamic interplay between a primary tendency of the organism to towards stimulation and a secondary opposing tendency serving the maintenance of constancy of spatial dimensions. The result of this interplay was interpreted by introducing the notion of biological relevance of spatial constancy of the upright position versus the reclining position for visual far-space and tactual near-space.

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Diese Arbeit wurde unterstützt durch ein Public Health Service Research Grant, MH-00348 des National Institute of Mental Health, während der erste Autor als NATO-Forschungsstipendiat an der Clark-Universität arbeitete. Die Berechnungen wurden im Rechenzentrum des Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts durchgeführt.     

Erklärung des Liebmann-Effektes und gewisser Versuchsresultate von Koffka und Harrower

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

An experimental analysis of peer social initiations on the behavior of withdrawn preschool children: Some training and generalization effects

In this study, positive social initiations by an age-peer was evaluated as an intervention for isolate preschool children in training and generalization sessions. During baseline, the confederate made few social approaches to the target subjects. The confederate greatly increased his rate of positive social initations during the first intervention, decreased social approaches during a second baseline, and increased social approaches again in a second intervention phase. Increases in confederate initiations resulted in an immediate acceleration in the frequency of subjects' positive social behavior during training sessions. Additionally, for two of the three subjects, positive social behaviors were also observed to increase during generalization sessions. The results suggest that (a) peers may be trained successfully to set the occasion for positive social behaviors by withdrawn classmates, (b) increased social responding by withdrawn children in the presence of frequent peer social initiations may also generalize beyond the training setting, and (c) the magnitude of direct and generalization effects appears to be related to the entry-level repertoire of target children.