Wie arbeite ich wirklich mit einem Traum?

According to Jung major impulses for psychic development and therefore for dealing with conflicts accrue from the unconscious in the form of dreams. In this article it will be shown as clearly as possible how a dream was dealt with in the therapeutic relationship.     

Eine Technik f��r alle St?rungen?

Psychodynamic psychotherapy is helpful for patients, if it is modified according to the disorder. The dichotomy between concentration on the symptom on the one hand and concentration on conflicts and regulation disturbances on the other does not come up to the requirements of treatment for many disorders. Combining the symptom orientation with the work on conflicts, regulation disturbances, transference and resistance can not only promote insights oft emotional impact but often solely make them possible. Modifications of technique are to be reflected concerning their impact on the therapeutic relationship, the dynamics of transference and countertransference, the experience of conflict and the regulation problems and to be directed at in the therapy as far as possible. General principles of technique are illustrated by the example of the treatment of a patient with anorexia nervosa.     

Deutungen

The author characterizes with the help of several examples different types of interpretations: interpretations ??in?? the transference, interpretations outside transference and reconstructive interpretations. He describes how a transference topic is to be reconstructed not as much by analogies but rather by the use by the analyst, that means by countertransference. The aim of psychoanalytic treatment to make unconscious motives conscious should allow the patient a greater freedom of action, but at the same time it expects more responsibility for him.     

Psychotherapie erh?hter Aggressivit?t

Results of a therapeutic use study on processes and outcomes of individual psychotherapy of patients with dominant symptoms of aggressive and antisocial behaviour are presented. General and differential psychotherapies were implemented by experienced psychotherapists in an unselected sample of 30 males with conduct disorders, specific adjustment disorders, impulse disorders and antisocial personality disorders. Diagnoses and evaluations were made with reference to ICD-10, patient histories and psychometric instruments. Post-treatment follow-up was implemented 5 years after treatment termination. The results point at (1) the limited value of psychometric instruments for diagnosis and evaluation, (2) the value of systematic variation in psychotherapeutic processes including frequencies of sessions and alternation of therapists and (3) positive psychotherapeutic outcome referring to subjective as well as objective outcome criteria. Suggestions for the treatment of strong aggressiveness in psychotherapeutic practice are given.     

Der Gruppenfragebogen (GQ-D)

An investigation of the psychometric properties of the German version of the Group Questionnaire (GQ; Krogel 2009) is described. The GQ is a self-report instrument economically enabling the assessment of helpful aspects of relationships within small groups. Due to the limited length of the questionnaire it provides a tool of monitoring bonding to the group, the quality of the working relationship as well as negative aspects during group treatment. One advantage of the GQ is that it measures relationships on three different relational levels (group members, group leader and the group as a whole). Following a test of the multidimensional structure of the GQ-D using data from a multisite study (N=438) with structural equation models, the GQ-D was validated using other process measures. The GQ-D proved to be an objective, valid and reliable measure to assess relevant therapeutic relationships within groups.     

Re-emergence of extinguished auditory-cued conditioned fear following a sub-conditioning procedure: effects of hippocampal and prefrontal tetanic stimulations

Post-extinction exposure of rats to a sub-conditioning procedure can evoke conditioned fear, which may correspond to fear return and/or fear learning potentiation. The aim of the present study was to clarify this issue and examine the effects of tetanic stimulation of the hippocampus (HPC) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), two brain regions implicated in post-extinction modulation of conditioned fear. Rats were initially submitted to five tone-shock pairings with either a 0.7-mA or 0.1-mA shock. Tone-evoked freezing was observed only with the higher shock intensity, indicating that the 0.1-mA shock corresponded to a sub-conditioning procedure. All conditioned rats underwent fear extinction with 20 tone-alone trials. When retrained with the sub-conditioning procedure, they displayed again tone-evoked freezing, except when the initial tone was unpaired or a new tone was paired with the 0.1-mA shock, demonstrating fear return rather than fear learning potentiation. We also found that HPC and mPFC tetanic stimulations, applied 24h after the sub-conditioning procedure, similarly reduced this fear return. However, mPFC inactivation abolished temporary HPC tetanus effect, whereas HPC inactivation did not interfere with mPFC tetanus effect. These data confirm our previous findings and reveal the nature of HPC-mPFC interactions in post-extinction modulation of conditioned fear.     

Visual recognition memory across contexts

In two experiments, we investigated the development of representational flexibility in visual recognition memory during infancy using the Visual Paired Comparison (VPC) task. In Experiment 1, 6- and 9-month-old infants exhibited recognition when familiarization and test occurred in the same room, but showed no evidence of recognition when familiarization and test occurred in different rooms. In contrast, 12- and 18-month-old infants exhibited recognition irrespective of testing room. Thus, flexibility across a change of room was observed at a younger age than flexibility across a change of background that has previously been seen with the VPC procedure (Robinson & Pascalis, 2004). To determine if limitations in representational flexibility across a change of background could be overcome by experiences during encoding, in Experiment 2, 6-, 9-, 12- and 18-month-old infants were familiarized with a picture on multiple backgrounds. At all ages, infants showed recognition across a change in background at test. These findings indicate that dissociating an item from its context during encoding may be an important factor in understanding the representational flexibility of visual recognition memory in infancy. Developmental changes in representational flexibility are likely driven by changes in the functional maturity of the hippocampal formation, and experience.