儿童口语词汇获得年龄效应

获得年龄是指儿童第一次学会某个词的年龄。单词获得年龄效应是指早获得的词比晚获得的词加工快。该简要概述了获得年龄数据的收集以及获得年龄在成人词典加工中的作用,重点介绍了获得年龄效应与频率效应的关系的研究,并对获得年龄效应的机制进行了简要的评述。     

心算乘法对脑干听觉电反应的影响

本文对31名听力正常的健康人作了脑干听觉电反应(BSR)描记。21人在记录过程中让其心算乘法,其中16人还令其注意听刺激短声并概算其触发次数。观察到21名心算者的BSR中16人的BSRⅠ波振幅比安静时的减小,20人的BSR出现了一阳性大波,未观察到Ⅰ波振幅增大的。在听短声的16人中未见出现Ⅰ波振幅减小者,且其中4人反而出现了Ⅰ波振幅相对增大,结果表明,心算乘法对BSR有一定影响,分析认为一种是对感受器的负反馈控制,另一种是正反馈控制,而且前者占优势。     

文化心理学方法论的扩展性探索

方法论对于一个学科的发展至关重要。从根本上说,方法论的基本内涵是关于研究对象与研究方法及二者关系的理论预设,而其核心目标是实现研究对象与研究方法的匹配。从文化心理学的研究现状看,现有的方法论尚未实现研究对象与研究方法之间的协调,从而构成文化心理学发展的潜在困境。基于对文化心理学的理论诉求和研究现状的把握,本文提出了文化心理学方法论的六个扩展方向:研究对象上从外显到内隐、从元素到整体、从抽象到具体; 研究方法上从现象到机制、从单向到双向、从静态到动态。     

The Impact of Affective States and Affective Shifts on Creative Ideation and Evaluation

This study aims to examine the impact of affective states and affective shifts on ideation and evaluation of creativity. Affects were induced by a two‐stage imagination procedure of recalling autobiographical experiences. Three periods of divergent thinking were measured to represent the participants’ creative ideation at different times. Creative evaluation was measured by estimating the originality of each response provided by the participants. The results indicate that (a) during the initial period of ideation, groups with positive affect obtain better creative ideation than the groups with neutral or negative affect. (b) The ideation in positive affect groups gradually decreases over time, while the ideation in negative affect groups gradually increases over time. (c) During the evaluation of originality, groups with negative affect have a higher proportion of over‐estimates and a lower proportion of under‐estimates than groups with positive affect. The viewpoints of cognitive tuning theory, which posit that the affective state influences creativity, are supported.     

Regional gray matter volume mediates the relationship between family socioeconomic status and depression-related trait in a young healthy sample

Socioeconomic status (SES) is a complex phenomenon that is predicted by a broad spectrum of variables and is often conceptualized as a combination of financial, occupational, and educational influences. SES is associated with symptoms of depression and depression-related personality traits. Many studies have focused on the relationship between SES and depression symptoms in clinical subjects; however, there are few studies of the neural basis of the relationship between SES and depression-related personality traits in nonclinical subjects. Thus, in the present study, we studied the neural basis of the relationship between SES and depression-related traits. The first step was to use voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to investigate the neuroanatomical basis underlying family SES in a large sample of healthy subjects. We found a significant negative correlation between family SES and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) that extending to the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Then, the mediation analysis revealed that the correlation between family SES, especially family income, and depression-related traits were mediated by the region of the mPFC that extending to the ACC volume. These findings suggest that the family income may play more important role in driving depression-related traits than that of parental education. They also suggest that the mPFC extension to the ACC may play an important role in the correlation between familial SES, especially with respect to family income and the depression-related traits.     

基于时间投入——专注度双维核心模型的高中生学业勤奋度研究

为避免单维评估存在高估或者低估学生学业勤奋表现的不足,以学业勤奋度研究的"时间(行为)投入"和"专注度"两种取向为基础,提出了高中生学业勤奋度的时间(行为)投入—专注度双维核心模型,并考察386名高中生在该模型上的分布特点,进而检验其应用效果。结果表明:(1)以学业勤奋度的双维核心模型为基础,将学生分为四组,并且这四组学生在时间投入和专注度上的差异表现为:在时间投入上,高时间投入的两个组学生的时间投入水平较高,低时间投入两个组学生的时间投入水平较低;在专注度上的分布也是如此。这说明本研究的分组是有效的。(2)模型能够有效将高中生分组,其中高时间投入—低专注度组所占比例最大(30.4%),其次为低时间投入—低专注度组(28.6%),再次是低时间投入—高专注度组(23.6%),高时间投入—高专注度组所占比例最小(17.4%)。(3)模型在不同总体学业成绩和语文、数学、英语等单科成绩上的分组效应均显著,同时拥有高学习时间(行为)投入和高专注度的高中生具有最佳的总体和单科学业成绩。因此,学业勤奋度的学习时间(行为)投入—专注度模型具有良好的应用效果。     

基于网络与演化视角的集体球类项目团队共享心智模型

团队既是当今组织中的重要工作方式, 又是集体竞技的组织形式, 故成为众多学科关注的焦点。共享心智模型是团队成员共享的团队相关情境关键要素的有组织理解、知识心理表征或信念。近年来, 中国足、篮、排三大球集体陷入低谷, 输球又输人的状况屡见取端, 引发举国关注。振兴“三大球”成为建设体育强国必然要迈过的坎。研究提出从网络与演化视角出发, 以“三大球”为主要研究对象, 通过对主题专家的深度访谈与“三大球”标杆球队的进球(或得分)录像分析, 寻找“三大球”共享心智模型演化的共性与殊性, 并为后续研究提供素材与参数; 接着, 采用多重个案设计与追踪研究范式, 交叉检定与复现共享心智模型的演化理论与作用机制理论; 再次, 实证检验成员社会网络类型、结构与演化对共享心智模型与团队效能的影响; 最后, 运用Repast 软件对共享心智模型的形成与演化进行模拟, 以为预测与实时干预提供参考。     

群体认同对极端群体行为的影响：中介及调节效应的检验

采用问卷调查法,以上海三所高校的467名大学生为被试,检验群体认同对极端群体行为（为群体牺牲意愿）的影响及其内在心理机制。结果表明：（1）群体认同对为群体牺牲意愿有显著的预测作用;（2）积极情感和否认态度完全中介群体认同对为群体牺牲意愿的影响,且积极情感在群体认同和否认态度之间担当部分中介角色;（3）抗伤害信念在积极情感和为群体牺牲意愿之间起调节作用。     

Cultural Effects on English Language Teachers’ Judgments of Metaphoric Creativity: A Mixed‐Methods Approach

This study explored cultural influences on English language teachers’ judgments of English metaphors created by Taiwanese learners of English. Based on a mixed‐methods approach, it delved into the rating severity and implicit evaluation criteria of two cultural groups of teachers: Taiwanese and Americans. Ten Taiwanese teachers and 10 American teachers evaluated 120 novel metaphoric expressions using the Consensual Assessment Technique (Amabile, 1996). Creativity in context: Update to the social psychology of creativity. They further filled out a creativity evaluation survey, which was designed to bring to light what qualities within the metaphors influenced their judgments of metaphoric creativity. With the teachers’ ratings being analyzed by means of many‐facet Rasch measurement, this study first indicated that the American teachers were more severe raters than the Taiwanese teachers, but no significant difference was found between them. Analysis of the evaluation survey further demonstrated that both cultural groups shared largely similar evaluation criteria; yet, two contrasts emerged between them. Specifically, the American teachers seemed to favor metaphors that expressed the creator's thoughts; by contrast, the Taiwanese teachers preferred metaphors that relied on readers’ imagination to work out the meanings. These findings shed light on implications for teaching creativity in English L2 classrooms and assessing learners’ creative language artifacts in an English L2 context.     

汉语双字词超音段信息在语义激活中的作用

采用眼动方法,通过两个实验考察了汉语双字词超音段信息在语义激活中的作用。结果显示：（1）汉语双字词语义激活过程中,分别改变首字声调和尾字声调对语义激活起到抑制作用,首字声调改变时的抑制作用更大。结果支持了Cohort模型。（2）语义相关词的注视点和注视时间远远多于其控制词,但没有发现词频效应。（3）汉语声调的加工过程与声韵母一样,独立作用于语义激活过程。