THE ART OF WAR CORPUS AND CHINESE JUST WAR ETHICS PAST AND PRESENT

The idea of “just war” is not alien to Chinese thought. The term “yi zhan” (usually translated as “just war” or “righteous war” in English) is used in Mencius, was renewed by Mao Zedong, and is still being used in China today (zhengyi zhanzheng). The best place to start exploring this Chinese idea is in the enormous Art of War corpus in premodern China, of which the Seven Military Classics is the best representative. This set of treatises served as the military bible in imperial China from 1078 CE. Ideas analogous to ius ad bellum and ius in bello can be found in these texts. These norms are present in these military texts, elaborated in subsequent commentaries, understood as a matter of fact in Chinese political history, and recently and briefly acknowledged by a few Chinese military scholars in the mainland and in Taiwan. This Chinese just war ethics has its distinctiveness vis‐à‐vis James Turner Johnson's articulation of the Western classic view. It differs from Johnson's claims that military lethal violence is intrinsically morally neutral and that last resort is not a primary consideration in deciding for war. Contemporary Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) military publications show that the PLA understands the general idea of just war, but they acknowledge only the ad bellum part, not the in bello components.     

近年美国有关中国民间宗教的研究

本文对近30年来美国学者关于中国民间宗教的研究情况作一简单的梳理,同时,考虑到宗教与民间宗教的密切关系,也将对相关的宗教研究做一定论述。     

论克尔凯戈尔对现时代的批判

在克尔凯戈尔的批判指向中,现时代崇尚群众而敌视个人,高扬理性和玄思而贬低激情和行动,个性之泯灭与激情之沦丧构成了现时代的基本特征,也表征了现时代所特有的堕落。现时代的人逃离自己存在的本真状态,他由于遁入人群之中而丧失了个性和激情,从而也遗弃了自己的精神和自我,因此,现时代是一个精神缺失的时代     

教学条件下中学生物学概念形成的实验研究

本实验借助假设检验模型对学生在习得条件下生物学概念形成过程进行探究,实验结果表明:1、学生生物学概念的形成存在高起点、缓增长、平台振荡的特点,没有突破现象;2、探究教学更有利于概念的形成.尤其利于发掘学生后程的学习潜力;3、学生对概念的掌握可能存在一个统计学意义上的阈值,相同条件下探究教学比讲授法较更利于学生达到该阈值.     

Changes in Muscle Activity in Response to Assistive Force during Isometric Elbow Flexion

Abstract

This study investigated the muscle activity and force variability in response to perturbation of assistive force during isometric elbow flexion. Sixteen healthy right-handed young men (age: 22.0?±?1.1?years; height: 171.9?±?4.8?cm; weight 68.4?±?11.2?kg) were recruited and the muscle activity of biceps brachii and triceps brachii were assessed using surface electromyography. Workload force and assistive force applied on isometric elbow flexion significantly affected the changes in both biceps and triceps muscle activities. A higher assistive force was shown to result in reduced biceps muscle activity compared to the unassisted period. In contrast, the efficiency of the assistive force acting on the biceps decreased as the assistive force increased. In general, the force variability of the biceps muscle remained approximately the same at lower workload force conditions than that at higher workload force conditions. In conclusion, higher assistive force may not yield a higher performance efficiency in human-assistive force interaction.     

合法性原则与执政的选择——中共执政合法性资源积累之考察

人类社会的合法性执政有一定的原则规定性,中国社会执政合法性主要依赖于四个原则的检验:历史使命原则、治理效度原则、社会理想原则、治理方式原则。中国共产党执政合法性的现实,其实是在以上四个原则要求下不断积累执政合法性资源的一种外在表现,也可以说中共的具体执政是基于合法性原则的要求所作出的选择。通过对中共合法性资源积累过程的考察,我们不仅可以得出其现实执政合法性的原因所在,也可以得出其将来继续谋求有效执政地位的历史趋势,这两者统一于合法性原则所蕴涵的内在要求。     

忠的观念与近代中国民族主义

民族主义是与现代性相连,并与现代工业社会的发展有关,是现代性建构过程中的特殊产物.形成于近代的中国民族主义,既非一种历史的简单延续,也非政治意识形态的再现,而是社会公众在既定的历史条件下的一种自发性的情感认同.这一情感认同的对象,便是中国传统的思想文化,或许应该说是"忠"伦理的长期影响,所以中国民族主义从形成始便有其自身的特色.本文正是意图从"忠"伦理原本意义着手,考察"忠"伦理的演变过程,寻找出中国近代产生的民族主义特色的根源所在.     

从"和善"看日本伦理思想的特质

对伦理思想的分析,人们通常从思想家或思潮的角度进行,但这很不够。本文从日本人的心情主义入手探讨日本伦理思想的特质。“和善“是一个具有强烈道德意味的词,可以解读出日本人和日本社会的伦理思想。“和善”由传统的注重共感发展为今天强调共生,这其间也包含了日本伦理思想的变迁。     

不同程度尿蛋白患者血清甲状腺激素水平变化及其临床意义

探讨不同程度蛋白尿患者血清甲状腺激素水平的变化及其临床意义.66例不同程度蛋白尿患者,肾病综合征组28例,非肾病综合征组38例,健康对照组60例.发现蛋白尿水平与甲状腺激素水平尤其是FT3水平关系密切.在肾病综合征患者,主要表现为FT3显著降低,提示肾病综合征是正常甲状腺病态综合征的一种.