偶像崇拜量表的修订及其理论模型的验证

对偶像崇拜量表进行修订获得较好的测量学指标,经探索性因素分析确定的量表条目为27个,得到五个维度分别命名为"娱乐社交"、"情感投射"、"完全认同"、"关系幻想"、"病理边缘",从低到高表示偶像崇拜的不同迷恋程度。经验证性因素分析,该结构具有良好的结构合理性和一致性,不同人口学背景被试共享该理论模型,模型的因素载荷一致性得到完全验证,题目截距一致性得到较大程度验证,可以用作测量青少年偶像崇拜有效工具。     

自动情绪调节的神经机制及其可塑性

自动情绪调节无需意识决定、注意加工及有意控制, 改变着情绪轨迹。迄今为止, 研究仅限于证实其确能低耗高效地改变情绪过程, 尚未对其如何改变情绪过程进行研究。以自动情绪调节的神经机制作为研究对象具有可操作性, 可从行为和心理生理层面, 对自动情绪调节改变情绪过程的机制进行实验研究。研究问题包括：1)通过EEG技术检验自动情绪调节是否影响预备阶段行为反应倾向; 2)自动情绪调节对注意的注意觉醒、注意朝向和注意执行三个阶段的作用机制; 3)自动情绪调节对评价和反应的作用机制; 4)自动情绪调节的可塑性在脑活动上的体现。最终确定自动情绪调节的加工规律, 构建其预备-注意-评价-反应模型, 并为有效控制情绪紊乱和研究出高效的情绪调节干预方案提供理论和实证依据。     

日益孤独的中国老年人：一项横断历史研究

随着社会的巨大变迁, 我国老年人孤独感水平可能逐年增高。通过采用横断历史研究的方法, 对使用UCLA孤独量表(第三版)调查老年人孤独感的25篇文献进行元分析, 调查年代跨度为1995年至2011年, 共涉及13280名老年人。研究结果表明：(1)我国老年人孤独感水平随年代的变迁呈上升趋势; (2)不同婚姻状况、不同性别老年人的孤独感水平随年代均呈上升趋势; (3)老年人孤独感水平存在婚姻状况差异, 但不存在性别差异。     

情绪记忆的鲜活性和准确性的关系*

采用记得/知道范式,以正性、负性和中性图片为实验材料,以32名大学本科生为被试,考察情绪记忆鲜活性和准确性的关系。结果发现,情绪记忆的记得成绩好于中性记忆,说明情绪记忆较中性记忆更具鲜活性;情绪记忆的鲜活性和准确性存在较大的关联,在正性、负性和中性图片上相关都达到了显著,表明情绪记忆的鲜活性与刺激中心细节的恢复相联系。     

注意捕获效应受知觉负载及目标与干扰项距离的共同影响

研究考察了无关干扰项引发的注意捕获效应如何受到任务知觉负载以及目标与干扰项距离的共同影响。被试在视觉搜索集中搜索目标并做辨别反应。通过控制搜索集的大小来控制任务知觉负载, 同时在搜索集中存在一个用颜色标定的无关干扰项(奇异项), 该奇异项与当前的搜索目标存在一致、中性或不一致的关系, 该奇异项的位置与当前目标相邻或相距较远。结果发现, 被试在低负载条件下出现显著的干扰效应(不一致条件的反应时减中性条件的反应时), 而在高负载条件下干扰效应减小。此外, 在高负载条件下, 当目标与干扰项相距较近时没有出现干扰效应, 而当目标与干扰项相距较远时存在显著的干扰效应。干扰效应受到任务知觉负载和目标与无关干扰项距离的共同影响。这些结果说明, 与任务无关的刺激是否捕获注意取决于当前任务总体上是否存在可用的剩余注意资源, 也受到其周围临近区域的局部注意资源是否充足的影响。     

注意缺陷多动症与犯罪的关系及其司法启示

注意缺陷多动症(Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD) 是一种常见于儿童期的精神障碍, 也可能持续到青少年及成年阶段, 其症状表现为难于集中注意力、难于控制其行为及活动过度等, 这些缺陷可能会增加患者犯罪的几率。轻微脑功能障碍、自我调节学说、强化敏感性理论、相关人格特质等在一定程度上可解释ADHD与犯罪的关系。ADHD作用于犯罪存在三种不同的可能路径, 即独立作用、间接作用和无作用。文中特别指出ADHD患者在刑事司法过程中表现的特点及其司法启示。未来研究应从基因、神经心理机制及其与环境的交互作用上进一步探讨ADHD与犯罪的关系, 并提示在犯罪预防、审讯、法庭审判以及罪犯矫治中需要考量ADHD的可能影响。     

奖赏预期调节局部注意干扰效应

局部注意干扰效应(Localized attentional interference, LAI)是指在视觉搜索任务中同时搜索在空间上分离的两个目标时, 或者目标周围存在一个无关奇异项时, 这两个关键刺激相距较近时产生的干扰现象。本实验采用视觉搜索范式, 探讨了奖赏预期对局部注意干扰效应的影响。实验1采用双目标搜索任务, 要求被试判断搜索画面中两个奇异项刺激的形状是否相同。结果显示奖赏条件和无奖赏条件都表现出显著的距离主效应, 随着目标间距离增大, 被试的正确率提高, 反应时下降。同时, 在远距离时, 奖赏条件下的正确率高于无奖赏条件, 而在近距离时, 奖赏条件下的正确率反而低于无奖赏条件, 即, 奖赏条件下局部注意干扰效应反而增大。高动机状态增强了两个目标的表征, 反而不利于解决局部注意干扰效应。实验2采用单目标搜索任务, 要求被试判断特定目标的方位并忽略另一无关奇异项刺激。与实验1不同的是, 实验2仅在无奖赏条件下观察到显著的距离主效应, 即被试行为表现在远距离时更好; 而在奖赏条件下, 被试在近距离和远距离的表现一样好, 即没有局部注意干扰效应。这说明在奖赏预期条件, 个体可以有效抑制分心物刺激的干扰, 将注意集中于目标刺激的加工, 从而对局部注意干扰效应产生调节。整个研究表明, 奖赏整体上能够提高对任务相关刺激的表征, 并抑制任务无关刺激, 虽然这并不总是能够提高任务表现。     

Faculty Members’ Perceptions of How Academic Work is Evaluated: Similarities and Differences by Gender

A questionnaire about how academic performance is evaluated and the importance of teaching and research was completed by 265 faculty at a UK research university. Factor analysis followed by t-tests showed that male faculty had a more realistic understanding of how their research is evaluated, rate the importance of research to their careers more highly, and are more likely than women to work over hours through choice. Women faculty are more likely than men to work over hours because of teaching workload and rate the importance of a teaching qualification more highly, despite giving similar ratings as men to the importance of teaching to their career. The implications for differential rates of promotion are discussed.     

Family Intervention Effects on Co-occurring Early Childhood Behavioral and Emotional Problems: A Latent Transition Analysis Approach

This study used latent transition analysis (LTA) to examine changes in early emotional and behavioral problems in children age 2 to 4 years resulting from participation in a family-centered intervention. A sample of 731 economically disadvantaged families was recruited from among participants in a national food supplement and nutrition program. Families with toddlers between age 2 and 3 were randomized either to the Family Check-Up (FCU) or to a nonintervention control group. The FCU’s linked interventions were tailored to each family’s needs. Assessments occurred at age 2, 3, and 4. The FCU followed age 2 and age 3 assessments. Latent class analyses were conducted on mother reports of behavior and emotional problems from age 2 to 4 to study transitions among the following four groups: (a) externalizing only, (b) internalizing only, (c) comorbid internalizing and externalizing, and (d) normative. LTA results revealed that participation in the FCU increased the likelihood of transitioning from either the comorbid or the internalizing class into the normative class by age 4. These results suggest family interventions in early childhood can potentially disrupt the early emergence of both emotional and behavioral problems.     

Maternal Predictors of Rejecting Parenting and Early Adolescent Antisocial Behavior

The present study examined relations among maternal psychological resources, rejecting parenting, and early adolescent antisocial behavior in a sample of 231 low-income mothers and their sons with longitudinal assessments from age 18 months to 12 years. The maternal resources examined were age at first birth, aggressive personality, and empathy. Each of the maternal resources predicted rejecting parenting during early childhood in structural equation models that controlled for toddler difficult temperament, and rejecting parenting in early childhood predicted antisocial behavior in early adolescence. Rejecting parenting accounted for the indirect effect of each of the maternal resources on antisocial behavior, but a direct effect was also supported between maternal aggressive personality and youth antisocial behavior. Results highlight the importance of these relatively understudied maternal resources and have implications for prevention and intervention programs that focus on parenting during early childhood.