Restrictions in means for suicide: an effective tool in preventing suicide: the Danish experience

Restriction of means for suicide is an important part of suicide preventive strategies in different countries. The effect on method-specific suicide rate and overall suicide rate of restrictions on availability of carbon monoxide, barbiturates, and dextropropoxyphene was examined. From 1970 to 2000, overall suicide mortality and method-specific suicide mortality in Denmark were compared with official information about availability of barbiturates and analgesics and carbon monoxide in vehicle exhaust and household gas. Restrictions on availability of household gas with carbon monoxide content and barbiturates was associated with a decline in the number of suicides and suicides by self-poisoning with these compounds after controlling for the effect of calender year. Restricted access occurred concomittantly with a 55 percent decrease in suicide rate.     

Dynamic self-organization and early lexical development in children

In this study we present a self-organizing connectionist model of early lexical development. We call this model DevLex-II, based on the earlier DevLex model. DevLex-II can simulate a variety of empirical patterns in children's acquisition of words. These include a clear vocabulary spurt, effects of word frequency and length on age of acquisition, and individual differences as a function of phonological short-term memory and associative capacity. Further results from lesioned models indicate developmental plasticity in the network's recovery from damage, in a non-monotonic fashion. We attribute the network's abilities in accounting for lexical development to interactive dynamics in the learning process. In particular, variations displayed by the model in the rate and size of early vocabulary development are modulated by (a) input characteristics, such as word frequency and word length, (b) consolidation of lexical-semantic representation, meaning-form association, and phonological short-term memory, and (c) delayed processes due to interactions among timing, severity, and recoverability of lesion. Together, DevLex and DevLex-II provide an accurate computational account of early lexical development.     

哮喘控制稳定后如何减停糖皮质激素

糖皮质激素是最有效的抗气道炎症药物,吸入糖皮质激素(ICS)是首选哮喘控制药物.由于治疗后达到哮喘临床控制(症状、肺功能)需要一定时间,ICS达到一定剂量后量效曲线较平坦,而全身不良反应却逐渐增加.因此,达到临床控制后在长期监测下至少维持哮喘控制3个月以上,开始减少50%ICS剂量,直至ICS减至最低维持剂量.如为ICS加另一种控制药(长效β2受体激动剂、白三烯调节剂、缓释茶碱)联合治疗达到控制者,在ICS减至最低剂量时再停用另一种控制药.应用最低剂量ICS维持控制达1年方可考虑停药.     

21世纪医疗保障制度改革与发展趋势管窥

21世纪的医疗保障制度改革与发展主要表现为:在理论上,强调医疗保障是人权的基本内容;在保障的对象上强调全民性和公平性;在保障的内容上更加重视预防保健;在医疗保障的运行机制上,强调政府主导与市场机制相结合;在服务模式方面,积极构建多层次网络化的社区卫生服务体系,推行医疗适宜技术;在筹资模式上,更注意建立以政府投入为主导的多元化筹资机制.     

成人在错误信念任务上的表现

考察成人在错误信念(FB)任务上是否存在"知识偏差"效应。实验1重复Birch等的实验程序并未得到与之一致的结果,成人在FB任务上的表现不理想,且无"知识偏差"效应存在。实验2排除琴盒位置及颜色的突出性影响后,结果与实验1相似。成人在FB任务上的不佳表现与成人具有心理理论的事实相悖,说明把通过FB任务作为衡量心理理论的唯一评定标准有待商榷。     

天台智顗丑学流程解构

天台宗性具善恶说,具有较为明显的泛恶倾向,且处处脱不了审丑思维。自梁、陈入隋,智顗弘法数十载,其中贯穿了对丑类恶物的审度和涵化。不光恶为丑因、恶中见丑、审丑观恶,善和美也以各种通道与丑相融互格,共同呈现出多维流动、浑化自洽的球体架构。这种圆融宽厚的丑学,反映了“末法时期”的悲悯思维,也昭示着一个恢宏多采时代的到来。     

围棋活动对儿童注意力的影响

本研究选取852名被试,引人组别变量(下围棋组、对照组),探讨了下围棋对儿童注意力的影响.结果显示:(1)下围棋对儿童注意力具有积极影响,主要集中在稳定性、集中性和可持续性上;(2)进一步的性别、年级分析发现,性别主效应不显著,这说明男女在围棋活动前后没有显著性差异.年级主效应显著,表明一年级、五年级和八年级的注意力具有显著性差异,这是由于随着年龄的增长,儿童的注意力逐渐提升的缘故.     

增加样例学习中认知负荷的研究及思考

样例学习研究的一个重要取向:基于认知负荷理论.文章主要基于国外相关的研究文献,首先简述样例学习与认知负荷理论的关系,然后梳理增加样例学习中有效负荷研究概况与趋势,最后就有关研究问题作了进一步思考.     

窄记忆和宽知识——外在论和自我知识相容性问题的一个解决方案

The development of the semantic externalism in the 1970s was followed by a debate on the compatibility of externalism and self-knowledge. Boghossian’s memory argument is one of the most important arguments against the compatibilist view. However, some compatibilists attack Boghossian’s argument by pointing out that his understanding of memory is internalistic. Ludlow and others developed the externalist view of memory to defend the compatibility of externalism and self-knowledge. However, the externalist view of memory undermines the epistemic status of memory since it gives memory a burden that is too heavy for it to carry. This paper argues that only if we take the content of memory to be narrow and take that of self-knowledge to be wide and replace Cartesian self-knowledge with contextually constrained self-knowledge, can the compatibility of externalism and self-knowledge be effectively defended.     

参照群体类型与自我—品牌联系

自我－品牌联系(Self-brand Connection)指消费者使用某品牌构建、强化和表达自我的程度。研究参照群体的类型对消费者的自我－品牌联系的影响。研究结果表明：三种非成员群体对自我－品牌联系的影响是不同的,消费者会使用品牌形象与渴望群体一致的品牌来表明自己是什么类型的人,也会使用品牌形象与规避群体相悖的品牌来表明自己不是什么类型的人;消费者对成员群体的情感承诺程度会调节成员群体对自我－品牌联系的影响,情感承诺度高、中的成员群体比情感承诺度低的成员群体对自我－品牌联系的影响更大