Conciencia de la contingencia EC-EI y condicionamiento: efecto del conocimiento de la regla que permite predecir el estímulo incondicionado en el condicionamiento electrodermal humano

Resumen

El estudio de la relevancia de la conciencia de la contingencia EC-EI en el condicionamiento humano ha sido abordado desde fundamentalmente dos enfoques teóricos: la perspectiva del procesamiento de la información (Öhman, 1979; Dawson y Schell, 1987), y la conceptualizatión del condicionamiento como proceso «evaluador» (Martin y Levey, 1978, 1987a; Levey y Martin, 1990). El presente trabajo incorpora un procedimiento inédito en la investigación sobre la correlación demostrada entre conciencia y condicionamiento autonómico, que permite poner a prueba ambas formulaciones teóricas. En el Experimento 1, un grupo de sujetos fue instruido sobre la regla en función de la cual un estímulo visual iría o no seguido de un estímulo incondicionado aversivo. Su ejecución durante los ensayos reforzados (R) y no reforzados (N) se comparó con la de un grupo de control no informado. En el Experimento 2, un solo grupo de sujetos fue instruido para descubrir la regla durante la exposición al programa de reforzamiento, y se comparó su ejecución ante ambas modalidades de ensayos, R y N, antes y después de su descubrimiento. Los resultados de ambos experimentos apoyan el modelo de Öhman (1979) en la medida en que el conocimiento de la regla se tradujo en un patrón de respuesta electrodermal ajustado al patrón de reforzamiento.     

Procesamiento de palabras ambiguas y no ambiguas empleando dos índices de activación y tiempos de reacción

Resumen

El propósito de este trabajo fue analizar el efecto de la ambigüedad léxica en el procesamiento de frases a través de la activación, empleando dos índices psicofisiológicos, conductancia y tasa cardíaca, y tiempos de reacción.

Tratamos de comprobar los efectos del predominio de un significado sobre el otro en palabras ambiguas en relación a la frecuencia del uso, en un contexto neutro.

Los resultados muestran que no existen diferencias significativas entre los dos significados en las variables dependientes. Por tanto, se comprueba la hipótesis de Simpson del modelo independiente del contexto.     

Equilibrio y equilibración en la epistemología genética de J. Piaget

Resumen

El concepto de equilibrio, en su perspectiva estructural y funcional, ocupa un lugar central en la obra de Piaget.

Es posible hablar de «modelos de equilibrio», se trata de aquellos planteamientos que buscan explicar el desarrollo y progreso de los conocimientos.

En estos modelos la biología y la matemática han tenido un importante papel.     

The moderator role of followers’ personality traits in the relations between leadership styles,two types of task performance and work result satisfaction

Authentic leadership is changing our understanding of what makes good leadership. However, few studies have explored how followers’ individual differences and the nature of the task they perform affect its relation to followers’ work outcomes. We examine the moderator role of two core task types (intellective vs. generative) and two personality traits (conscientiousness and emotional stability) in the relationship between two leadership feedback styles (authentic vs. transactional) and task performance or work result satisfaction in a two-wave experiment. The sample consisted of 228 participants enrolled in an organizational psychology course, 34% of whom had work experience. Our results show that over time the effect of an authentic feedback style on task performance became stronger for those participants who previously scored very low on intellective tasks or very high on generative tasks. Furthermore, a significant three-way interaction between these two traits and our leadership feedback styles indicates that the effect of authentic feedback conforms different patterns depending on the followers’ personality traits and the type of task they perform. Moreover, authentic feedback had a stronger effect on participants’ work result satisfaction. Participants with low levels of either conscientiousness or emotional stability displayed higher levels of satisfaction in the authentic feedback condition.     

Picturing the Wheatbelt: Exploring and Expressing Place Identity Through Photography

Community arts and cultural development is a process that builds on and responds to the aspirations and needs of communities through creative means. It is participatory and inclusive, and uses multiple modes of representation to produce local knowledge. ‘Voices’ used photography and photo elicitation as the medium for exploring and expressing sense of place among Aboriginal and non‐Indigenous children, young people and adults in four rural towns. An analysis of data generated by the project shows the diverse images that people chose to capture and the different meanings they afforded to their pictures. These meanings reflected individual and collective constructions of place, based on positive experiences and emotions tied to the natural environment and features of the built environment. We discuss community arts and cultural development practice with reference to creative visual methodologies and suggest that it is an approach that can contribute to community psychology’s empowerment agenda.     

Coping Strategies as Mediating Variables Between Self-serving Attributional Bias and Subjective Well-Being

Self-serving attributional bias (SSAB) is defined as the tendency to attribute positive situations to internal, stable and global causes, and negative situations to external, unstable and specific causes. SSAB, like other manifestations of the self-enhancement motive, is aimed at protecting self-esteem, and therefore expected to be associated with well-being. Furthermore, given the features of this bias, this possible positive association between SSAB and well-being could be mediated by coping strategies. In this study, we wanted to analyze the relationships among SSAB, coping strategies and subjective well-being. Two hundred and five individuals (90 male and 115 female, mean age = 35.99, ranging from 22 to 50) participated voluntarily in this study. Path analysis showed that SSAB had an indirect effect on life satisfaction (the cognitive component of subjective well-being) through the affect balance (the emotional component of subjective well-being). In turn, SSAB had both a direct and an indirect effect on affect balance. The indirect effect was through the use of problem solving and positive cognitive restructuring coping strategies as well as the non-use of avoidant ones. These results suggest that well-being promotion programs should aim at encouraging the use of problem solving and positive cognitive restructuring coping strategies, as well as promoting healthy attributional styles.     

Can empathic concern be generalized from one person to others? Another positive side of the ‘one‐among‐others’ effect

Previous research on the one‐among‐others effect has shown that inducing empathic concern towards a victim presented among other individuals in need enhances: (1) awareness of these others and (2) the willingness to help them individually. In this work, we test that these outcomes are linked by an additional process: the generalization of empathic concern felt for the victim towards the others in need. Study 1 revealed that inducing empathic concern for a victim presented as one‐among‐others led to see the others as separate and different individuals, not as a unitary group. Study 2 showed that the one‐among‐others presentation (vs. only‐one‐victim) increased empathic concern towards those presented along with the main victim. Study 3 showed that the one‐among‐others presentation (vs. a single‐victim or a statistical presentation) increased the empathic concern felt for other individuals in need. Therefore, the one‐among‐others presentation does not weaken empathic concern but, instead, it leads to its generalization from one to others.     

Correction to: From aesthetics to ethics: Testing the link between an emotional experience of awe and the motive of quixoteism on (un)ethical behaviour

Motivation and Emotion -     

The classification of Spanish adolescents based on substance consumption patterns and the analysis of the relationships within their social developmental contexts

This research is part of the 2006 edition of the Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) study. The data presented were composed of a sample of 15942 Spanish adolescents ranging from 13 to 18 years of age. The instruments used included a variety of questions related to substance consumption among adolescents, their bio-psycho-social adjustment and developmental contexts, all of which are part of the HBSC study instrument bank. Through classification analysis, as well as significance and effect size tests, we obtained relevant information about the current epidemiology of substance consumption among Spanish adolescents. These results are representative of the Spanish adolescent population which allows the typical risk profile attributed to young people to be clarified. A gradual adjustment can be seen in terms of substance consumption levels in youth and that same level in their friends. Likewise, the analysis of the developmental context (family, friends and school) provides important information when it comes to preventing substance consumption, thus showing the advantages that coherence and connection have between the different environments where youth live, grow up and develop.     

Part set cuing in older adults: further evidence of intact forgetting in aging

The aim of this study was to look at the effect of aging on part set cuing while equating for baseline performance in episodic memory. Younger and older participants listened to three different word lists, each containing 24 words relating to a particular category. During recall, 0, 33, or 66% of the items presented in the learning phase were re-presented as cues. The results showed that recall of the never cued items was equally impaired by the presence of cues in younger and older adults, thus showing equivalent part set cuing effects in both groups. These results parallel previous findings showing equivalent inhibitory effects in younger and older adults with tasks that do not require executive control and provide additional support to previous studies challenging the view that frontal/executive processes play a major role in part set cuing.