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141.
Many antipredator adaptations are induced by the prey’s ability to recognize chemical cues from predators. However, predator
recognition often requires learning by prey individuals. Iberian green frog tadpoles (Pelophylax perezi) have the ability to learn new potential predators. Here, we tested the memory capabilities of Iberian green frog tadpoles.
We conditioned tadpoles with chemicals cues from a non-predatory fish in conjunction with conspecific alarm cues, and examined
whether tadpoles retained their conditioned response (reduction of activity level). We found that conditioned tadpoles reduced
their activity levels in subsequent exposures to the non-predatory fish cues alone. Tadpoles were able to remember this association
and reduced movement rate at least for 9 days after. The ability to learn and memorize potential predators may be especially
important for the survivorship of prey species that are likely to find a high variety of predators. However, after those 9 days,
there was a lack of response to the non-predatory fish cues alone in the absence of reinforcement. This could be explained
if tadpoles behave according to the threat-sensitive predator avoidance hypothesis, and the perceived risk to the learning
cue diminished over time, or it could be due to an apparent forgetting process to avoid non-adaptative responses to chemical
cues of non-dangerous species that were randomly paired with alarm cues. Thus, this study demonstrates that green frog tadpoles
in the absence of reinforcement remember the chemical cues of a learned predator only for a limited time that may be adaptative
in a threat-sensitive context. 相似文献
142.
María Pilar Matud Ignacio Ibez Juan Manuel Bethencourt Rosario Marrero Mnica Carballeira 《Personality and individual differences》2003,35(8):261
Gender is an important influence on support-relevant social interactions, however findings of studies on gender differences in social support are not definitive. Although differences between men and women in the various social support measures have been found in numerous studies, neither the cause nor the explanatory process is known. This study examines gender differences in the dimensionality of social support. A large sample (N=3210) from the general population of women (60%) and men aged between 18 and 65 years old (Mean AGE=34.1) responded to a brief scale with items assessing the distinct functions of the perceived availability of social support. Confirmatory factor analyses yielded one factor in the women's sample that measures global social support perceived, and two in the men's. The first factor in the men's sample measures emotional support (providing empathy, caring, validation of self-worth), and the second measures instrumental support (e.g. practical assistance or financial aid). We concluded that there are gender differences in the structure of perceived social support and that these differences can be explained by socialization experiences and social roles associated with gender. 相似文献
143.
Sex recognition is based on color signals in many species of lizards. However, olfactory stimuli are also clearly involved, and many species might rely primarily on chemoreception. We aimed to examine whether color pattern or odors, or a combination of both factors, induce the aggressive response of males of the lizard P. hispanicus. We experimentally manipulated the coloration and odor of male P. hispanicus, thereby creating groups with all combinations between coloration and odor of males or females. Using data from staged encounters, we compared the responses of resident males to the experimental groups of manipulated males and their response to unmanipulated individuals (males and females). Responding males reacted significantly more aggressively to intruders with male odors independent of their coloration, whereas intruders with female odors did not elicit aggressive responses but were preferentially courted, irrespective of their actual sex and body coloration. In addition, intruders with female odors elicited a higher number of tongue‐flick explorations than male odor ones. Comparisons with unmanipulated male and female intruders agreed with these expectations. Therefore, at least at close range, odoriferous cues seem to be more important than color patterns in sex recognition and intrasexual aggression by male P. hispanicus. We suggest that this might be a pattern commoner than expected in many species of reptiles.Aggr. Behav. 28:154–163, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
144.
Martín Del Buey Fde A Fernández Zapico A Martín Palacio E Dapelo Pellerano B Marcone Trigo R Granados Urban P 《Psicothema》2008,20(2):224-228
This study falls within the theoretical framework of the construct of the Efficient Personality. In this work, we present the study of validity and reliability of an original questionnaire made up of 60 items, applied to students from formative cycles of higher Professional Training. The questionnaire was reduced to 24 items, surpassing its initial .84 Cronbach alpha coefficient. Six first-order factors were obtained: Social Self-concept, Academic Self-concept, Solving Ability, Self-esteem, and Problem Coping. One second-order factor was obtained: Efficient Personality. The six-component factorial solution is similar both to the Spanish version for secondary school and to the Chilean versions for secondary and university populations, dividing the initial dimension of Self-concept into Self-concept and Self-esteem. 相似文献
145.
This article explores the intersection of clinical narcissism and Buddhist meditation practice. Through the lens of Otto Kernberg
and Heinz Kohut’s theories of narcissism, the article investigates the many facets of Eastern spiritual practice when undertaken
by a narcissistic practitioner. In particular, questions are raised regarding the potential psychological dangers of pursuing
meditation practice when suffering from clinical narcissism. Potential applications for a cross-pollination of psychoanalytic
support and Buddhist practice are also considered for the narcissistic patient and/or spiritual practitioner. 相似文献
146.
Deculturation's history as well as its use in the social science literature is reviewed and its construct validity questioned. According to J. W. Berry (1980), deculturation results when members of nondominant cultures become alienated from the dominant culture and from their own minority society. A reported consequence of deculturation is increased stress and psychopathology for the individuals involved. Deculturation's basic assumption that there can be culture loss without replacement is critically assessed. In particular, the idea that members of nondominant groups can become deculturated, devoid of any culture, is challenged. 相似文献
147.
148.
Critical consciousness, accountability, and empowerment: key processes for helping families heal 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Families are inextricably embedded within their larger sociopolitical contexts, an observation acknowledged by many theorists. The field of family therapy is working on its translation into comprehensive and effective approaches for helping families change. This article illustrates the use of the Cultural Context Model to help families change, guided by the linked foundational concepts of accountability, critical consciousness, and empowerment. The authors support their discussion of theory with examples illustrating the ways in which social patterns connected to race, gender, class, and sexual orientation shape the dilemmas that family members encounter, as well as their access to solutions. 相似文献
149.
150.
We conducted five studies to test the transcendental change constellation (TCC)–quixoteism hypothesis: The presence of a specific set of values labeled TCC elicits a motive with the ultimate goal of increasing the welfare of the world (quixoteism). First, the salience of the TCC increased the commitment to (Study 1) and preference for (Study 2) action aimed at improving the welfare of the world. Second, the centrality of the TCC was associated with the affective reaction towards (Study 3) and support for (Study 4) a prosocial initiative when the welfare of the world was previously threatened and the initiative was aimed at improving such welfare. In Study 5, the centrality of the TCC was related to a quixotic style of life. 相似文献