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201.
Jeanne Peijnenburg 《Synthese》2012,184(1):101-107
Tom Stoneham put forward an argument purporting to show that coherentists are, under certain conditions, committed to the
conjunction fallacy. Stoneham considers this argument a reductio ad absurdum of any coherence theory of justification. I argue that Stoneham neglects the distinction between degrees of confirmation
and degrees of probability. Once the distinction is in place, it becomes clear that no conjunction fallacy has been committed. 相似文献
202.
John A. Schuster 《Synthese》2012,185(3):467-499
One of the chief concerns of the young Descartes was with what he, and others, termed “physico-mathematics”. This signalled
a questioning of the Scholastic Aristotelian view of the mixed mathematical sciences as subordinate to natural philosophy,
non explanatory, and merely instrumental. Somehow, the mixed mathematical disciplines were now to become intimately related
to natural philosophical issues of matter and cause. That is, they were to become more ’physicalised’, more closely intertwined
with natural philosophising, regardless of which species of natural philosophy one advocated. A curious, short-lived yet portentous
epistemological conceit lay at the core of Descartes’ physico-mathematics—the belief that solid geometrical results in the
mixed mathematical sciences literally offered windows into the realm of natural philosophical causation—that in such cases
one could literally “see the causes”. Optics took pride of place within Descartes’ physico-mathematics project, because he
believed it offered unique possibilities for the successful vision of causes. This paper traces Descartes’ early physico-mathematical
program in optics, its origins, pitfalls and its successes, which were crucial in providing Descartes resources for his later
work in systematic natural philosophy. It explores how Descartes exploited his discovery of the law of refraction of light—an
achievement well within the bounds of traditional mixed mathematical optics—in order to derive—in the manner of physico-mathematics—causal
knowledge about light, and indeed insight about the principles of a “dynamics” that would provide the laws of corpuscular
motion and tendency to motion in his natural philosophical system. 相似文献
203.
Sven Dupré 《Synthese》2012,185(3):501-525
This paper argues that Kepler considered his work in optics as part of natural philosophy and that, consequently, he aimed
at change within natural philosophy. Back-to-back with John Schuster’s claim that Descartes’ optics should be considered as
a natural philosophical appropriation of innovative results in the tradition of practical and mixed mathematics the central
claim of my paper is that Kepler’s theory of optical imagery, developed in his Paralipomena ad Vitellionem (1604), was the result of a move similar to Descartes’ by Kepler. My argument consists of three parts. First, Kepler borrowed
a geometrical model and experiment of optical imagery from the mélange of mixed and practical mathematics provided in the
works of the sixteenth-century mathematicians Ettore Ausonio and Giovanni Battista Della Porta. Second, Kepler criticized
the Aristotelian theory of light and he developed his own alternative metaphysics. Third, Kepler used his natural philosophical
assumptions about the nature of light to re-interpret the model of image formation taken from Della Porta’s work. Taken together,
I portray Kepler’s theory of optical imagery as a natural philosophical appropriation of an innovative model of image formation
developed in a sixteenth-century practical and mixed mathematical tradition which was not interested in questioning philosophical
assumptions on the nature of light. 相似文献
204.
Michel Bitbol 《Synthese》2012,185(2):233-255
Emergence is interpreted in a non-dualist framework of thought. No metaphysical distinction between the higher and basic levels
of organization is supposed, but only a duality of modes of access. Moreover, these modes of access are not construed as mere
ways of revealing intrinsic patterns of organization: They are supposed to be constitutive of them, in Kant’s sense. The emergent levels of organization, and the inter-level causations as well, are therefore neither
illusory nor ontologically real: They are objective in the sense of transcendental epistemology. This neo-Kantian approach defuses several paradoxes associated with the concept
of downward causation, and enables one to make good sense of it independently of any prejudice about the existence (or inexistence)
of a hierarchy of levels of being. 相似文献
205.
The mathematical nature of modern science is an outcome of a contingent historical process, whose most critical stages occurred in the seventeenth century. ‘The mathematization of nature’ (Koyré 1957, From the closed world to the infinite universe, 5) is commonly hailed as the great achievement of the ‘scientific revolution’, but for the agents affecting this development it was not a clear insight into the structure of the universe or into the proper way of studying it. Rather, it was a deliberate project of great intellectual promise, but fraught with excruciating technical challenges and unsettling epistemological conundrums. These required a radical change in the relations between mathematics, order and physical phenomena and the development of new practices of tracing and analyzing motion. This essay presents a series of discrete moments in this process. For mediaeval and Renaissance philosophers, mathematicians and painters, physical motion was the paradigm of change, hence of disorder, and ipso facto available to mathematical analysis only as idealized abstraction. Kepler and Galileo boldly reverted the traditional presumptions: for them, mathematical harmonies were embedded in creation; motion was the carrier of order; and the objects of mathematics were mathematical curves drawn by nature itself. Mathematics could thus be assigned an explanatory role in natural philosophy, capturing a new metaphysical entity: pure motion. Successive generations of natural philosophers from Descartes to Huygens and Hooke gradually relegated the need to legitimize the application of mathematics to natural phenomena and the blurring of natural and artificial this application relied on. Newton finally erased the distinction between nature’s and artificial mathematics altogether, equating all of geometry with mechanical practice. 相似文献
206.
Catarina Dutilh Novaes 《Synthese》2012,185(3):387-410
The paper investigates the propriety of applying the form versus matter distinction to arguments and to logic in general.
Its main point is that many of the currently pervasive views on form and matter with respect to logic rest on several substantive
and even contentious assumptions which are nevertheless uncritically accepted. Indeed, many of the issues raised by the application
of this distinction to arguments seem to be related to a questionable combination of different presuppositions and expectations;
this holds in particular of the vexed issue of demarcating the class of logical constants. I begin with a characterization
of currently widespread views on form and matter in logic, which I refer to as ‘logical hylomorphism as we know it’—LHAWKI,
for short—and argue that the hylomorphism underlying LHAWKI is mereological. Next, I sketch an overview of the historical
developments leading from Aristotelian, non-mereological metaphysical hylomorphism to mereological logical hylomorphism (LHAWKI).
I conclude with a reassessment of the prospects for the combination of hylomorphism and logic, arguing in particular that
LHAWKI is not the only and certainly not the most suitable version of logical hylomorphism. In particular, this implies that
the project of demarcating the class of logical constants as a means to define the scope and nature of logic rests on highly
problematic assumptions. 相似文献
207.
Mental rotation is thought to underlie the increase in response times (RTs) for deciding whether rotated letters are normal
or mirrored versions. However, mental rotation predicts a linear increase in RTs, whereas the mirror/normal letter discrimination
task typically produces a curved function. Recently, Kung and Hamm suggested that this curved function results from a mixture
of trials in which mental rotation is employed and trials in which it is not. The mixture ratio may vary between individuals,
with some individuals relying more on mental rotation than others. There is no factor in the Kung and Hamm model that reflects
such individual differences. In the present study, we suggest that a possible exponent parameter could be added to the Kung
and Hamm model to capture individual differences in the mixture ratio. This exponent parameter appears to capture an individual
characteristic since the value obtained correlates between the mirror/normal letter task and a left/right object facing task.
The development of a quantity that represents the mixture ratio will aid further testing of processes involved in the visual
imagery system. 相似文献
208.
Stone A 《Memory & cognition》2012,40(4):652-662
A centre–surround attentional mechanism was proposed by Carr and Dagenbach (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning,
Memory, and Cognition 16: 341–350, 1990) to account for their observations of negative semantic priming from hard-to-perceive primes. Their mechanism cannot account
for the observation of negative semantic priming when primes are clearly visible. Three experiments (Ns = 30, 46, and 30) used a familiarity decision with names of famous people, preceded by a prime name with the same occupation
as the target or with a different occupation. Negative semantic priming was observed at a 150- or 200-ms SOA, with positive
priming at shorter (50-ms) and longer (1,000-ms) SOAs. In Experiment 3, we verified that the primes were easily recognisable in the priming task at an SOA that yielded negative semantic priming,
which cannot be predicted by the original centre–surround mechanism. A modified version is proposed that explains transiently
negative semantic priming by proposing that centre–surround inhibition is a normal, automatically invoked aspect of the semantic
processing of visually presented famous names. 相似文献
209.
Recent research has demonstrated a relationship between retrieval organization and the efficacy of prior repeated retrieval
on delayed tests. The present study asked why repeated study engenders higher recall at a short delay despite lower retrieval
organization but produces a decline at a long delay, and why repeated retrieval engenders lower recall at a short delay despite
higher retrieval organization but produces stable recall over time. This relationship was examined through the inclusion of
two successive recall tests—one immediately after learning method and one a week later. Results replicated the interaction
in recall between learning method and delay characterizing the testing effect and, critically, revealed the qualitative differences
inherent in the retrieval organization of each method. Specifically, stable recall in repeated retrieval was accompanied by
strong and sustained conceptual organization, whereas organization for repeated study was tenuous and weakened across tests.
These differences quantitatively were assessed through the use of five targeted analyses: specifically, the examination of
cumulative recall curves, the accumulation of organization across time (a curve akin to cumulative recall), item gains and
losses across time, changes in the size of categories across time, and the fate of specific clusters of recalled items across
time. These differences are discussed within the context of differential processes occurring during learning method. 相似文献
210.
When participants are asked to recall lists of items in the reverse order, known as backward recall, several benchmark memory phenomena, such as the word length effect, are abolished (Bireta et al. Memory & Cognition 38:279–291,
2010). Bireta et al. (Memory & Cognition 38:279–291, 2010) suggested that in backward recall, reliance on order retention is increased at the expense of item retention, leading to
the abolition of item-based phenomena. In a subsequent study, however, Guérard and Saint-Aubin (in press) showed that four lexical factors known to modulate item retention were unaffected by recall direction. In a series of five
experiments, we examined the source of the discrepancy between the two studies. We revisited the effects of phonological similarity,
word length, articulatory suppression, and irrelevant speech, using open and closed pools of words in backward and forward
recall. The results are unequivocal in showing that none of these effects are influenced by recall direction, suggesting that
Bireta et al.’s (Memory & Cognition 38:279–291, 2010) results are the consequence of their particular stimuli. 相似文献