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161.
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163.
A solution to the effect of sample size on outlier elimination 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Mark Van Selst Pierre Jolicoeur 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》1994,47(3):631-650
Results from a Monte Carlo study demonstrate how a non-recursive, a simple recursive, a modified recursive, and a hybrid outlier elimination procedure are influenced by population skew and sample size. All the procedures are based on computing a mean and a standard deviation from a sample in order to determine whether an observation is an outlier. Miller (1991) showed that the estimated mean produced by the simple non-recursive procedure can be affected by sample size and that this effect can produce a bias in certain kinds of experiments. We extended this result to the other three procedures. We also create two new procedures in which the criterion used to identify outliers is adjusted as a function of sample size so as to produce results that are unaffected by sample size. 相似文献
164.
Trained listeners had to discriminate, in a four-level 2AFC paradigm, the duration of a time interval bounded by pairs of brief tone bursts. The time intervals ranged from 10 to 100 msec. When the tone-burst markers were similar in their intensity (86 dB SPL) and frequency (1 kHz), the just noticeable time difference was found to be monotonically related to the base interval. On the other hand, when the intensity of the first marker was severely attenuated (by 50 dB) or when a large (2-octave) difference was introduced between the frequencies of the two markers, the time discrimination functions became nonmonotonic. A similar, albeit slight, departure from monotonicity was also achieved by making the second marker much longer than the first (300 msec vs. 10 msec). The nonmonotonicity of these time discrimination functions is compared to the well-documented nonmonotonicity that may be observed for voice onset time (VOT) discrimination functions. 相似文献
165.
Pierre Lecocq 《International journal of psychology》1993,28(5):549-569
Dans cet article nous examinons les rapports qu'entretiennent la capacité d' analyse intentionnelle de la parole par les enfants et leur plus ou moins grande facilité à aborder le domaine de l'écrit. Ceci nous conduit à poser plusieurs questions. La première est relative au domaine d'application. Les sujets disposent de connaissances procédurales sur leur langue. Comment parviennent-ils à construire des connaissances sur ces connaissances? La seconde a trait à la nature de l'acquisition de ce type de compétence: s'agit-il de quelque chose de comparable à l'acquisition du langage, ou s'agit-il d'un apprentissage par instruction? La troisième concerne la nature de la “conscience phonique”. La variété des appellations qu'on trouve dans la littérature montre bien qu'il existe encore une grande incertitude sur le contenu de cette notion. Enfin dans la quatrième on s'interroge sur la valeur adaptative de ce type de compétence. Dans cette analyse, nous développons parallèlement les problèmes 1 et 2. Nous disons quelques mots du problème 3. Puis nous abordons le problème 4 en présentant quelques résultats empiriques. 相似文献
166.
Jolicoeur, Ullman, and MacKay (1986) showed that the time to confirm that two dots are on the same curve increases monotonically, but nonlinearly, as the curve distance between the two dots increases. These displays contained two curves and two dots. On same trials, the two dots were on the same curve (target curve), while the other curve served as a foil (distractor curve). The monotonically increasing effects of curve distance on response times for same trials suggested that the intervening curve segment was traced. In the present investigation of the source of the nonlinearity in these distance functions, it was hypothesized that differences in the distractor curves may have allowed a curve tracing operator with zoom lens properties to widen its receptive field while tracing parts of certain target curves. The wider receptive field may have allowed faster tracing over certain segments, owing to a reduced number of shifts required by the operator to scan the curve. The consequence of training certain segments of the curve more quickly than other segments of the curve would be a nonlinear effect of distance. A new set of stimuli was created for testing this hypothesis directly. Fairly linear distance effects were found for stimuli that contained a distractor curve that constrained the breadth of the postulated curve tracing operator, whereas stimuli that contained a distractor curve that could allow for a larger receptive field yielded nonlinear distance functions. The results are compared with the predictions of three quantitative models: pixel-by-pixel tracing; Jolicoeur, Ullman, and MacKay's (1991) bipartite operator; and a new zoom lens model, analogous to the zoom lens model of visual attention. The results were fit best by the latter model, in which tracing is accomplished by tracking the curve with a variably sized local operator. 相似文献
167.
Pierre -E. Lacocque Ph.D. 《Journal of religion and health》1984,23(3):218-228
Centuries ago, our ancestors had already intuited that death anxiety is unequivocally linked to introspection and the search for identity. In mythology, the image of heroes being engulfed by monsters was often used symbolically to describe the potential dangers associated with such search. The author gives an overview of hero-myths and legends with engulfment motifs and presents a critical appraisal of Carl G. Jung's interpretation of its symbolism and relationship to heroism (that is, mental health). The prophet Jonah is also studied to highlight another type of hero rarely alluded to by Jung. Finally, parallels are drawn throughout with the fear of engulfment as seen in psychotherapy.This paper is based on a series of lectures on Jonah delivered at the Chicago Theological Seminary during the fall of 1982. Request for reprints should be addressed to the author at Lutheran General Hospital. 相似文献
168.
Chang-Jiang Dong Nicholas V. Swindale Pierre Zakarauskas Vincent Hayward Max S. Cynader 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2000,62(5):1099-1111
In this paper, the auditory motion aftereffect (aMAE) was studied, using real moving sound as both the adapting and the test stimulus. The sound was generated by a loudspeaker mounted on a robot arm that was able to move quietly in three-dimensional space. A total of 7 subjects with normal hearing were tested in three experiments. The results from Experiment 1 showed a robust and reliable negative aMAE in all the subjects. After listening to a sound source moving repeatedly to the right, a stationary sound source was perceived to move to the left. The magnitude of the aMAE tended to increase with adapting velocity up to the highest velocity tested (20°/sec). The aftereffect was largest when the adapting and the test stimuli had similar spatial location and frequency content. Offsetting the locations of the adapting and the test stimuli by 20° reduced the size of the effect by about 50%. A similar decline occurred when the frequency of the adapting and the test stimuli differed by one octave. Our results suggest that the human auditory system possesses specialized mechanisms for detecting auditory motion in the spatial domain. 相似文献
169.
Ritualized behavior, intuitively recognizable by its stereotypy, rigidity, repetition, and apparent lack of rational motivation, is found in a variety of life conditions, customs, and everyday practices: in cultural rituals, whether religious or non-religious; in many children's complicated routines; in the pathology of obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD); in normal adults around certain stages of the life-cycle, birthing in particular. Combining evidence from evolutionary anthropology, neuropsychology and neuroimaging, we propose an explanation of ritualized behavior in terms of an evolved Precaution System geared to the detection of and reaction to inferred threats to fitness. This system, distinct from fear-systems geared to respond to manifest danger, includes a repertoire of clues for potential danger as well as a repertoire of species-typical precautions. In OCD pathology, this system does not supply a negative feedback to the appraisal of potential threats, resulting in doubts about the proper performance of precautions, and repetition of action. Also, anxiety levels focus the attention on low-level gestural units of behavior rather than on the goal-related higher-level units normally used in parsing the action-flow. Normally automatized actions are submitted to cognitive control. This "swamps" working memory, an effect of which is a temporary relief from intrusions but also their long-term strengthening. Normal activation of this Precaution System explains intrusions and ritual behaviors in normal adults. Gradual calibration of the system occurs through childhood rituals. Cultural mimicry of this system's normal input makes cultural rituals attention-grabbing and compelling. A number of empirical predictions follow from this synthetic model. 相似文献
170.
Understanding the nature of pain at least partly depends on recognizing its inherent first person epistemology and on using a first person experiential and third person experimental approach to study it. This approach may help to understand some of the neural mechanisms of pain and consciousness by integrating experiential-phenomenological methods with those of neuroscience. Examples that approximate this strategy include studies of second pain summation and its relationship to neural activities and brain imaging-psychophysical studies wherein sensory and affective qualities of pain are correlated with cerebral cortical activity. The experiential paradigm of offers the possibility of improved designs and methods for investigating neural mechanisms underlying pain and consciousness. 相似文献