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221.
We conducted three experiments to study the role of instrumental (e.g. knife–bread) and categorical (e.g. cake–bread) relations in the development of conceptual organization with a priming paradigm, by varying the nature of the task (naming – Experiment 1 – or categorical decision – Experiments 2 and 3). The participants were 5‐, 7‐ and 9‐year‐old children and adults. The results showed that on both types of task, adults and 9‐year‐old children presented instrumental and categorical priming effects, whereas 5‐year‐old children presented mainly instrumental priming effects, with categorical effects remaining marginal. Moreover, the magnitude of the instrumental priming effects decreased with age. Finally, the priming effects observed for 7‐year‐old children depended on the task, especially for the categorical effects. The theoretical implications of these results for our understanding of conceptual reorganization from 5 to 9 years of age are discussed. 相似文献
222.
223.
Thibault P Gosselin P Brunel ML Hess U 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2009,102(3):360-367
Recently, Thibault and colleagues described the Duchenne marker as a cultural dialect for the perception of smile authenticity. The current study had the goal to follow up on this finding and to investigate the cues that French Canadian children use to evaluate the authenticity of smiles from members of three ethnic groups. The authenticity of six smiles differing in intensity and presence of orbicularis oculi (Duchenne marker) was rated by 1206 children from 4 to 17 years of age. No differences were found as a function of encoder group. All children perceived medium Duchenne smiles as more authentic than equally intense medium non-Duchenne smiles. Furthermore, results suggest a decrease in the reliance on intensity across the age span. Younger children use the intensity marker along the whole continuum to infer authenticity. In contrast, older children (14- to 17-year-olds) rated all smiles that did not contain the Duchenne marker as roughly equally low in authenticity. 相似文献
224.
225.
Rosalie Perron Christine Lefebvre Nicolas Robitaille Benoit Brisson Frédéric Gosselin Martin Arguin Pierre Jolicœur 《Psychological research》2009,73(2):222-232
Observers encoded the spatial arrangement of two or three horizontal line segments relative to a square frame presented for
150 ms either in left or right visual field and either above or below the horizontal midline. The target pattern was selected
on the basis of colour (red vs. green) from an equivalent distractor pattern in the opposite left–right visual hemifield.
After a retention interval of 450 or 650 ms a test pattern was presented at fixation. The task was to decide whether the test
was the same as the encoded pattern or different. Selection of the to-be-memorised pattern produced an N2pc response that
was not influenced by the number of line segments nor by the length of the retention interval, but that was smaller in amplitude
for patterns presented in the upper visual field compared with patterns presented in the lower visual field. A sustained posterior
contralateral negativity (SPCN) followed the N2pc. The SPCN was larger for patterns with three line segments than for two,
was larger for patterns encoded from lower visual field than from upper visual field, and returned to baseline sooner for
the shorter retention interval than for the longer interval. These results, and others, provide an interesting and complex
pattern of similarities and differences between the N2pc and SPCN, consistent with the view that N2pc reflects mechanisms
of attentional selection whereas the SPCN reflects maintenance in visual short-term memory. 相似文献
226.
Pierre Barrouillet 《International journal of psychology》1994,29(2):183-212
The experiment studied the effect of various methods of organising reality (taxonomic vs. schematic) on success in inclusion and logical complementation tasks. Seventy-two nine-year-old children were divided into four groups on the basis of their logical structuring abilities. Using three sets of material (Animals, Plants, Means of Transportation), the subjects performed a sorting task and an evaluation task in which the taxonomic and schematic modes of organising reality were opposed. Contrary to our hypothesis, the “logical includers” did not exhibit a greater capacity for taxonomic organisation than the “empirical includers” of the same age, either in the sorting or the evaluation task. The development of success in class logic tasks therefore does not appear to be linked to a change in the preferred mode of categorisation (schematic → categorical) but to the restructuring and differentiation of each of the two modes of organisation, both of which are available to the child at an early age. 相似文献
227.
Experiments with two stimuli (S1and S2) and two responses suggest the existence of a stage of processing that cannot be shared between two concurrent tasks. Widespread support has been found for the hypothesis that response selection for Task2is postponed when the S1to S2stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) is short (Pashler, 1994a). At short SOAs, manipulations which impact Task2processing prior to response selection (e.g., degradation of stimulus quality) have little effect on Task2response times (RTs). On the other hand, manipulations which are thought to impact response selection or execution (e.g., Stroop interference) always impact Task2RTs. There is, however, one particularly compelling demonstration that appears to be inconsistent with the response selection bottleneck hypothesis: Karlin and Kestenbaum (1968) report that the RT difference between detection (i.e., 1-choice) and 2-choice discrimination dramatically decreases with decreasing SOA. Given that the primary difference between detection and discrimination is believed to be at response selection, their result may indicate a processing bottleneck at response execution (Keele, 1973). We fail to replicate the Karlin and Kestenbaum result in two substantive replications of Karlin and Kestenbaum's tasks and procedures. In the single experiment in which Karlin and Kestenbaum's result is replicated, a simple response execution bottleneck account is ruled out by the stability of the difference between 2-choice and 3-choice discrimination times across SOA. Two additional experiments demonstrate that response preparation and task strategy do not substantially contribute to the attenuation of response selection-level effects with decreasing SOA. 相似文献
228.
Kathleen Laughrea Claude Blanger John Wright et Pierre McDuff 《International journal of psychology》1997,32(3):155-167
A number of studies have investigated marital violence, its definition, expression, and treatment outcome. Few studies, however, have studied anger in marital relationships. The current study evaluates the link between anger and dyadic adjustment. The sample consists of 220 couples from normal and clinical populations. Results suggest that both spouses' anger is closely linked. Measures of anger intensity, the personality traits it reflects, and the anger expressed by a partner explained an important part of his or her marital distress and, to a lesser extent, the distress of the other partner. Theoretical and clinical implications based on these results are discussed. 相似文献
229.
230.
Pierre R. Dasen 《International journal of psychology》1984,19(1-4):407-434
There are two aspects of Piaget's theory that can be at least partly distinguished: (1) The stage theory, or the development of particular concepts through a series of hierarchical stages; (2) The metatheory, or the interactionist model of adaptation (assimilation and accommodation) that explains the mechanisms of cognitive development. Most cross-cultural research has been based on the first of these aspects, using and adapting “Piagetian tasks ”in various conceptual areas. Some findings of this line of enquiry, and the methodological problems encountered, are briefly reviewed. It is argued that no specific task, nor a combination of them, can be taken to measure a general cognitive level; the tasks measure the attainment of particular concepts rather than “intelligence”. New evidence is presented on the reliability and validity of Piagetian tasks used in a cross-cultural setting. In the second model, intelligence is broadly defined as adaptation to the environment; in this conception it would be reasonable to expect divergent paths of cognitive development in different cultures. In other words, one might need a different Piagetian psychology in each culture, but based on universal deep mechanisms. As a modest contribution to a more “emic ”study of intelligence, the concept of intelligence as defined by the Baoulé of Ivory Coast, n'glouèlě is presented and discussed. Ratings on n'glouèlě and its different components are related to performance on Piagetian tasks in a sample of 8- to 9-year-old rural Baoulé children. The thrust of the paper is to point out once more the cultural relativity of any conception of intelligence, be it from a Piagetian or any other perspective. 相似文献