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231.
The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of working memory (WM) in elementary activities and the nature of
the mechanisms mediating the influence of WM capacity on high-level cognition. We demonstrate that even elementary activities
such as reading digits, subitizing small arrays of dots, or solving simple additions like 3+1 are sensitive to individual
differences in WM capacity. Moreover, we demonstrate that a complex task such as counting large arrays of dots involving these
elementary activities as processing steps does not induce WM-related differences beyond what can be predicted from the concatenation
of differences elicited by the task’s elementary constituents. In line with the time-based resource-sharing model, these results
suggest that the influence of WM capacity on high-level cognition is mediated by the impact of a basic general-purpose resource
that affects each atomic step of cognition. 相似文献
232.
The goal of this study was to examine how individual variation in readers’ skills and, in particular, their background knowledge
about a text are related to text memory. Recollection and familiarity estimates were obtained from remember and know judgments
to text ideas. Recollection estimates to old items were predicted by readers’ background knowledge, but not by other comprehension-related
factors, such as word-decoding skill and working memory capacity. False alarms involving recollection of new items (inferences)
were diminished as a function of verbal ability, working memory capacity, and reasoning but increased as a function of background
knowledge. The results suggest that recollection indexes the reader’s ability to construct a text representation in which
text ideas are integrated with relevant domain knowledge. Moreover, these results highlight the importance of background knowledge
in explaining individual variation in comprehension and memory for text. 相似文献
233.
Morris Moscovitch 《Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale》2008,62(1):62-79
The hippocampus and surrounding regions of the medial temporal lobe play a central role in all neuropsychological theories of memory. It is still a matter of debate, however, how best to characterise the functions of these regions, the hippocampus in particular. In this article, I examine the proposal that the hippocampus is a "stupid" module whose specific domain is consciously apprehended information. A number of interesting consequences for the organisation of memory and the brain follow from this proposal and the assumptions it entails. These, in turn, have important implications for neuropsychological theories of recent and remote episodic, semantic, and spatial memory and for the functions that episodic memory may serve in perception, comprehension, planning, imagination, and problem solving. I consider these implications by selectively reviewing the literature and primarily drawing on research my collaborators and I have conducted. 相似文献
234.
Stephen G. Weinrach Albert Ellis Raymond DiGiuseppe Michael E. Bernard Windy Dryden Howard Kassinove G. Barry Morris Ann Vernon Janet Wolfe 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2006,24(4):199-215
The 9 members of the Institute for Rational-Emotive Therapy’s International Training Standards and Review Committee (of which
Albert Ellis is currently one) predict the status of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) after the death of Albert Ellis,
its progenitor. Most respondents addressed whether REBT will exist in its own right or be subsumed under the broad umbrella
of Cognitive Behavior Therapy.
Reprinted from Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 17, 413–427, 1995. AMHCA. Reprinted with permission. No further reproduction authorized without written permission from the
American Mental Health Counselors Association.
Stephen G. Weinrach was a professor of counseling and human relations at Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania. He
died in 2004.
The authors expressed their appreciation to Martin Gerstein and Allen Ivey for their generous contributions to a draft version
of this article. Colleen Deeter provided valuable editorial assistance in the preparation and coordination of this project. 相似文献
235.
The Unrecognized Stereotyping and Discrimination Against Singles 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
ABSTRACT— A widespread form of bias has slipped under our cultural and academic radar. People who are single are targets of singlism : negative stereotypes and discrimination. Compared to married or coupled people, who are often described in very positive terms, singles are assumed to be immature, maladjusted, and self-centered. Although the perceived differences between people who have and have not married are large, the actual differences are not. Moreover, there is currently scant recognition that singlism exists, and when singlism is acknowledged, it is often accepted as legitimate. 相似文献
236.
Jeremy Morris 《Reviews in Religion & Theology》2006,13(3):333-335
Book reviewed:
Understanding the Windsor Report. Two Leaders in the American Church Speak Across the Divide , Ian T. Douglas and Paul F.M. Zahl, Church Publishing 2005 (0-89869-487-6), viii + 184 pp., pb $20.00 相似文献
Understanding the Windsor Report. Two Leaders in the American Church Speak Across the Divide , Ian T. Douglas and Paul F.M. Zahl, Church Publishing 2005 (0-89869-487-6), viii + 184 pp., pb $20.00 相似文献
237.
Morris A. Okun John Pugliese Karen S. Rook 《Personality and individual differences》2007,42(8):1467-1477
This study tested the hypothesis that the relation between extraversion and volunteering by older adults is fully mediated by social capital (participation in clubs and organizations, church attendance, and contact with friends). Data for this study come from 888 adults between the ages of 65–90 years old who participated in the Later Life Study of Social Exchanges (LLSSE). In support of our hypothesis, structural equation modeling revealed that extraversion exerted: (a) a significant total effect on volunteering (0.122), (b) significant indirect effects on volunteering via contact with friends (0.042), church attendance (0.034), and clubs and organizations (females only: 0.042), and (c) a non-significant direct effect on volunteering (0.010). These findings suggest that social capital provides a viable explanation for the association between extraversion and volunteering. 相似文献
238.
Response selection and response execution in task switching: evidence from a go-signal paradigm 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Philipp AM Jolicoeur P Falkenstein M Koch I 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2007,33(6):1062-1075
The present study used a go/no-go signal delay (GSD) to explore the role of response-related processes in task switching. A go/no-go signal was presented at either 100 ms or 1,500 ms after the stimulus. Participants were encouraged to use the GSD for response selection and preparation. The data indicate that the opportunity to select and prepare a response (i.e., long GSD) resulted in a substantial reduction of task-shift costs (Experiment 1) and n-2 task-repetition costs (i.e., backward inhibition; Experiment 2) in the current trial. These results suggest that interference from the preceding trial can be resolved during response selection and preparation. Furthermore, the shift costs and the n-2 repetition costs after no-go trials with long GSD (i.e., response selection but no execution) were markedly smaller than after go trials. These findings suggest that the interference that gives rise to shift costs and n-2 repetition costs is related not solely to response selection but also to response execution. Thus, the present study demonstrates dissociable contributions of response selection and response execution to interference effects in task switching. 相似文献
239.
240.
Pierre M. Balthazar 《Pastoral Psychology》2007,55(5):543-549
Using parts of the prayer commonly known as the “Our Father,” a reflection is presented in which anger toward absentee fathers
is seen as an inhibitor to relatedness to God as father. The way people behave toward and interact with their environment
may be indicative of their interaction with the divine. Such attitudes make people question their religious experience and
their ability to enter into intimacy with the divine. When people with skeptical attitudes toward father-like figures enter
the world of pastoral counseling, ministers or counselors should help these people to explore and come to terms with the thought
that God can be identified as father. It requires a willingness to approach the pain of separation. The goal of the counselor
then is to help these people make substantial change in their ability to cope with anger and thus enter into relatedness with
the divine.
Pierre M. Balthazar is a student in the PsyD program in Clinical Psychology at the Illinois School of Professional Psychology. 相似文献