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21.
Smilek, Eastwood, and Merikle (2000) demonstrated that the detection of change was facilitated when the target character changed in many rather than few of its features. Specifically, the function relating search response time to display set size was shallower when more features changed than when fewer features changed. The researchers interpreted these results as indicating that large feature changes provide preattentive guidance of focal attention to the location of the change. We tested this preattentive guidance hypothesis by examining change detection performance in the context of a spatial cuing paradigm. The hypothesis predicts that (1) the cost on invalidly cued trials should be less when more features change than when fewer features change, and (2) the features manipulation should have no effect on validly cued trials. In contrast to these predictions, our results show that cuing effects are equivalent across all levels of feature change and that a robust effect of the features manipulation is observable for both validly and invalidly cued trials. We argue that large feature changes do not provide preattentive guidance and in fact can be detected more readilyafter attention is already in place at the target location.  相似文献   
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An examination of previous claims for virtually perfect time-sharing in dual-task situations reveals confounding effects that may have obscured dual-task interference. Two experiments are conducted in which these confounding effects are minimized, revealing statistically significant dual-task interference. These results support the hypothesis that human information processing is dominated by a structural central capacity limitation and call into question the hypothesis that dual-task interference can be eliminated by meeting the 5 conditions outlined by D. Meyer and D. Kieras (1999).  相似文献   
23.
Blindness to response-compatible stimuli is the finding that targets are identified less accurately when presented during the planning or execution of a congruent response (e.g., right arrow presented during a right keypress) versus an incongruent response (e.g., right arrow presented during a left keypress). Accounts of this effect suggest the planning and execution of a response are critical to its observation. Five experiments investigated whether a blindness effect would be observed in the absence of a planned response. Results suggest that a planned response is not necessary to observe a content-specific blindness effect and that the blindness effect may actually comprise both an action-related component and a symbolic component that is distinct from the action-planning system.  相似文献   
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Visual attention can be goal driven, stimulus driven, or a combination of the two. Here we report evidence for an unexpectedly stimulus-driven component of visual search for a target defined by color. Observers demonstrated a surprisingly cost-free ability to incorporate multiple classifiers in search for a target of one color from among distractors of other colors. A target color was presented among distractors that could change from trial to trial (intermixed presentation) or that remained constant across all trials in a block (blocked presentation). For blocked presentation, a single search classifier (a mechanism that segregates the target from distractors in color space) could be adopted, whereas for intermixed presentation different classifiers had to be used when the distractor colors changed. The benefit of blocked presentation was very small, suggesting that the appropriate classifier was determined very quickly in trials for which the classifier changed. The results suggest that the stimulus-driven activation of an appropriate stimulus classifier can be very efficient.  相似文献   
26.
In two experiments, humans were asked to judge the strength of a moderate contingency between a cue and an outcome in the presence of a second strong contingency between another cue and the outcome. The first experiment replicated the discounting effect whereby a strong contingency causes subjects to reduce or discount judgements of a moderate contingency. This experiment used a video-game procedure in which subjects camouflaged a tank to make it safe from mines. The second causal cue was the presence or absence of a spotter plane. Experiment 1 also ruled out the possibility that judgements might be determined by the number of co-occurrences of the cue and outcome as opposed to the level of contingency. The second experiment used an abstract scenario in which discounting was demonstrated when subjects were asked to judge the relationship between the occurrence of geometric objects. The instructions were neutral to discourage causal hypotheses. These results support the notion that judgements result from associative or connectionist processes and not from a two-step cognitive retrospective process in which an estimate of covariation is calculated between cue and outcome and then in a second step this information is used in a normative manner when a decision is made.  相似文献   
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La présente étude fournit des résultats à verser au dossier de validation de la version française "Client Satisfaction Questionnaire" (CSQ): une courte échelle en 18 items créée pour mesurer le degré de satisfaction de l'utilisation de différents aspects des services de santé mentale. L'échantillon comprenait 89 anciens patients (en secteur) d'une clinique psychologique universitaire. Les résultats montrent la fidélité et la validité factorielle du CSQ dans le contexte franco-canadien. De plus, comportant des similitudes avec les observations anglaises, espagnoles et hollandaises, ils représentent un important premier pas pour fonder l'équivalence inter-culturelle de la version franco-canadienne de l'échelle.
The present study provides data for the cross-cultural validity of the French version of the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ); a short 18-item scale which was designed to assess degree of satisfaction with different aspects of mental health services. The sample consisted of 89 former outpatients of a University Psychology Clinic. Results supported the reliability and factorial validity of the CSQ in a French-Canadian context. In addition, the results were similar to those observed for English, Spanish and Dutch versions and represent an important first step towards the cross-cultural equivalence of the French-Canadian version of the scale.  相似文献   
29.
The aim of this paper is to investigate the controversial issue of the nature of the representation constructed by individuals to solve arithmetic word problems. More precisely, we consider the relevance of two different theories: the situation or mental model theory (Johnson-Laird, 1983; Reusser, 1989) and the schema theory (Kintsch & Greeno, 1985; Riley, Greeno, & Heller, 1983). Fourth-graders who differed in their mathematical skills were presented with problems that varied in difficulty and with the question either before or after the text. We obtained the classic effect of the position of the question, with better performance when the question was presented prior to the text. In addition, this effect was more marked in the case of children who had poorer mathematical skills and in the case of more difficult problems. We argue that this pattern of results is compatible only with the situation or mental model theory, and not with the schema theory.  相似文献   
30.
There is accumulating evidences to suggest that memory consolidation in some conditions involves two waves of neuronal plastic change. Using two fear conditioning procedures in male C57BL/6J mice, we have recently shown that consolidation of the foreground contextual fear memory required two waves of ERK1/2 activation in hippocampal CA1, while consolidation of cue conditioning was only associated with the early phase of activation. The present experiment further showed that this bi-phasic pattern of ERK1/2 activation was not restricted to hippocampal CA1, but could also be observed in other fear memory-related brain areas. The unpaired conditioning procedure (context in foreground) induced two waves of ERK1/2 activation in hippocampal CA1 and CA3, as well as in the LA and BLA nuclei of the amygdala. In contrast, the paired conditioning procedure (context in background) led to a transient early phase only in hippocampal CA1 and LA. In addition, ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the hippocampus was found to correlate with that in the amygdala nuclei specifically after the unpaired procedure. Taken together, our data suggest that the observed biphasic pattern of neuronal plastic events may reflect the interplay between hippocampal and amygdala activity-dependent plasticity critical for the system consolidation of contextual fear memory.  相似文献   
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