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121.
122.
Pierre Salam Alan Baddeley 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》1989,41(1):107-122
Immediate memory for visually presented verbal material is disrupted by concurrent speech, even when the speech is unattended and in a foreign language. Unattended noise does not produce a reliable decrement. These results have been interpreted in terms of a phonological short-term store that excludes non-speechlike sounds. The characteristics of this exclusion process were explored by studying the effects of music on the serial recall of sequences of nine digits presented visually. Experiment 1 compared the effects of unattended vocal or instrumental music with quiet and showed that both types of music disrupted STM performance, with vocal music being more disruptive than instrumental music. Experiment 2 attempted to replicate this result using more highly trained subjects. Vocal music caused significantly more disruption than instrumental music, which was not significantly worse than the silent control condition. Experiment 3 compared instrumental music with unattended speech and with noise modulated in amplitude, the degree of modulation being the same as in speech. The results showed that the noise condition did not differ from silence; both of these proved less disruptive than instrumental music, which was in turn less disruptive than the unattended speech condition. Theoretical interpretation of these results and their potential practical implications for the disruption of cognitive performance by background music are discussed. 相似文献
123.
We examined the mechanisms that mediate the transfer of information from visual input to storage in memory. Observers performed two concurrent tasks, one of which required input into memory. We discovered that the processes involved in the transfer of information from sensory input into memory cause slowing in concurrent cognitive tasks (dual-task slowing). We used the dual-task slowing effect to demonstrate that memory encoding requires more time when more information is to be encoded and to show that dual-task slowing occurs long after the initial perceptual encoding of visual information (Exp. 1). These results suggest a late and central locus of interaction between the two tasks. Experiment 2 also used two concurrent tasks. However, we reversed the direction of interaction between them and produced a memory deficit from the execution of a concurrent task. Together the results suggest that the mechanisms that encode information into memory belong to a family of mechanisms that are involved in dual-task slowing phenomena and that have been studied under the rubric of the PRP effect (psychological refractory period). We were able to locate the most probable locus of the dual-task interactions to a process that appears necessary for memory encoding. We call this process short-term consolidation. Received: 20 July 1997 / Accepted: 17 March 1998 相似文献
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Florence Stinglhamber Nathan Nguyen Marc Ohana Constantin Lagios Stéphanie Demoulin Pierre Maurage 《Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology》2023,96(1):203-229
‘We are humans not robots!’ This protest slogan denounces a working reality in which employees perceive that they are reduced to a mere tool or instrument at the service of the organization. Such an experience refers to organizational dehumanization. Researchers have recently indicated that organizational dehumanization may shape employee work behaviours. However, why, and for whom, organizational dehumanization leads to maladaptive work behaviours remains unclear in this literature. Drawing upon social exchange theory, we first propose that employees who experience organizational dehumanization engage in a reciprocity process by first developing thoughts of revenge that, in turn, materialize into more organizational deviance. We further argue that compliance buffers the indirect effect of organizational dehumanization on deviant behaviours via thoughts of revenge. Overall, the combined results of two experimental studies, a cross-sectional study and two three-wave studies provide strong evidence for our hypothesized relationships. Our research suggests that when experiencing organizational dehumanization, compliant employees are less likely to engage in a homeomorphic reciprocity in the exchange relationship with their organization. 相似文献
126.
Pierre Rivard 《Psychologie appliquee》1990,39(2):191-205
Des observations paradoxales faites pendant les phases d'une recherche sur les salaires dans des entreprises industrielles françaises, nous ont conduit àénoncer que leur situation est le résultat de la présence de trois modèles de valorisation validés simultanément. On a observé que l'innovation technologique est une source de modification de l'équilibre des salaires. L'approche en termes de modéle de valorisation aide à comprendre le processus de régulation qui peut être remarqué après l'apparition de ce type d'innovation. Le processus qui a conduit à un nouvel équilibre des salaires des spécialistes de l'informatique est offert ici en exemple.
Some paradoxical observations made during a research study on wages in French industrial firms have led us to propose that the state of wages is the result of the presence of three simultaneously legitimate models of validation. Technological innovation is a source of modification of the equilibrium observed at any moment with regard to wages. The approach in terms of models of validation helps the understanding of the regulation process which may be observed after the appearance of such an innovation. The process which has led to a new equilibrium of the wages of specialists in data processing is offered as an example. 相似文献
Some paradoxical observations made during a research study on wages in French industrial firms have led us to propose that the state of wages is the result of the presence of three simultaneously legitimate models of validation. Technological innovation is a source of modification of the equilibrium observed at any moment with regard to wages. The approach in terms of models of validation helps the understanding of the regulation process which may be observed after the appearance of such an innovation. The process which has led to a new equilibrium of the wages of specialists in data processing is offered as an example. 相似文献
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128.
Anne-Marie Bonnel Jean-Fran ois Stein Pierre Bertucci 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》1992,44(4):601-626
In a previous study assessing the modulation of visual processing by attention, Bonnel, Possami, and Schmitt showed that, when discriminating line-length, subjects precisely shared processing resources between two pairs of lines presented to the left and right of fixation. In a close replication requiring the detection of luminance increments instead of line-length differences, subjects were unable to follow the instructions and to allocate attention differentially, thus supporting the claim that light detection is fundamentally different from shape discrimination. In a subsequent experiment, we tested and rejected the possibility that luminance perception was not open to modulation by attention due to its physical nature. Replacing brightness detection by brightness identification allowed voluntary control on the quality of processing to be evidenced. The similarity between the latter results and the data from line-length discrimination suggests that task requirements may be crucial in determining the distribution of attention. 相似文献
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