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141.
142.
It is presumed that recreation activities have a variety of functions for people, from tension reduction to citizenship development; however, a recreation activity's most empirically obvious function is as a reinforcer. This study demonstrates how two recurrent problems of urban recreation programs-recruitment of members and reduction of disruptive behaviors within the program-can be handled simply by contingently adjusting the amount of time the recreation activities are available. When extra time in the recreation center was provided to those youths who brought new members, dramatic increases in membership were achieved. On the other hand, when the closing time for each evening's recreation program was publicly moved forward by a few minutes for each offense, disruptive behaviors were nearly eliminated. Recreation used as a reinforcer can thus improve the basic operation of a recreation center and might similarly enhance other presumed and desired functions of recreation. 相似文献
143.
Applied behavior analysis began when laboratory based principles were extended to humans inorder to change socially significant behavior. Recent laboratory findings may have applied relevance; however, the majority of basic researchers have not clearly communicated the practical implications of their work. The present paper samples some of the new findings and attempts to demonstrate their applied importance. Schedule-induced behavior which occurs as a by-product of contingencies of reinforcement is discussed. Possible difficulties in treatment and management of induced behaviors are considered. Next, the correlation-based law of effect and the implications of relative reinforcement are explored in terms of applied examples. Relative rate of reinforcement is then extended to the literature dealing with concurrent operants. Concurrent operant models may describe human behavior of applied importance, and several techniques for modification of problem behavior are suggested. As a final concern, the paper discusses several new paradigms. While the practical importance of these models is not clear at the moment, it may be that new practical advantages will soon arise. Thus, it is argued that basic research continues to be of theoretical and practical importance to applied behavior analysis. 相似文献
144.
Verbal conceptual processes and emotional experience (in general, as well as positive vs. negative) are phenomena that appear to have lateralized correlates. A general method is herein put forth by which researchers can investigate the lateralization of various constructive processes in the brain. The technique, called GRIDLAT, is a computerized repertory grid protocol that displays element and construct information to a single hemisphere (vis à vis visual field) at a time during grid elicitation. GRIDLAT is described in detail. Then some preliminary findings are described, and several dependent variables possible in studies employing methods such as GRIDLAT are discussed. 相似文献
145.
Pierce WD Epling WF Dews PB Estes WK Morse WH Van Orman W Herrnstein RJ 《The Behavior analyst / MABA》1994,17(1):7-23
The relationship between basic research with nonhumans and applied behavior analysis is illustrated by our work on activity anorexia. When rats are fed one meal a day and allowed to run on an activity wheel, they run excessively, stop eating, and die of starvation. Convergent evidence, from several different research areas, indicates that the behavior of these animals and humans who self-starve is functionally similar. A biobehavioral theory of activity anorexia is presented that details the cultural contingencies, behavioral processes, and physiology of anorexia. Diagnostic criteria and a three-stage treatment program for activity-based anorexia are outlined. The animal model permits basic research on anorexia that for practical and ethical reasons cannot be conducted with humans. Thus, basic research can have applied importance. 相似文献
146.
Charles A. Pierce 《Journal of applied social psychology》1998,28(18):1712-1730
Questionnaires were administered to graduate students employed by a large university to assess part of Pierce, Byrne, and Aguinis's (1996) model of workplace romance. Based on data from 297 respondents, results indicate that (a) females held less favorable attitudes toward romance and sexual intimacy at work than did males, (b) participating in a romantic relationship with a member of the same organization was positively associated with a participant's self-appraised job performance, and (c) consistent with an affective spillover hypothesis, degree of loving feelings for a current romantic partner was positively associated with an individual's own level of intrinsic work motivation, job involvement, and satisfaction with his or her type of work. Results are discussed in light of Pierce et al.'s (1996) model, and potential study limitations are addressed. 相似文献
147.
The likelihood that males equivocate in their ratings of common fears was evaluated. A fear survey was given to 30 female and 26 male college students in a classroom setting. A second fear survey which contained duplicate items from the first was administered to the same students in a laboratory setting prior to watching videotaped scenes of fish, rats, mice and a shorter roller coaster ride. Before the second survey was given, the students received instructions which implied that their truthfulness could be independently evaluated through changes in their heart rate while they watched the videotape. Changes in the averaged fear ratings for the three high-fear items shown in the videotaped scenes were compared between males and females across the two survey conditions. Males' ratings of rats, mice, and roller coasters increased markedly from the first survey to the second, while fear ratings by females did not change. These results are consistent with the idea that the expression of fear by men is affected by conformation to the traditional male gender role. 相似文献
148.
Jessica Pierce 《The Journal of medical humanities》2002,23(1):3-6
Significant changes in the natural environment over the past 40 years pose key challenges to health and health care in the 21st century. Health care has not yet given serious attention to what the current environmental situation means for human health, or for maintaining an effective health care system. Bioethics is in a good position to help health professionals engage environmental questions. But bioethics, as a field, will first need to explore and integrate “ecological thinking”—thinking based in the concept of connectedness and committed to viewing humans are part of nature rather than exempt from it. 相似文献
149.
Effects of task performance, helping, voice, and organizational loyalty on performance appraisal ratings 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Despite the fact that several studies have investigated the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and performance appraisal ratings, the vast majority of these studies have been cross-sectional, correlational investigations conducted in organizational settings that do not allow researchers to establish the causal nature of this relationship. To address this lack of knowledge regarding causality, the authors conducted 2 studies designed to investigate the effects of task performance, helping behavior, voice, and organizational loyalty on performance appraisal evaluations. Findings demonstrated that each of these forms of behavior has significant effects on performance evaluation decisions and suggest that additional attention should be directed at both voice and organizational loyalty as important forms of citizenship behavior aimed at the organization. 相似文献
150.
Martel MM Pierce L Nigg JT Jester JM Adams K Puttler LI Buu A Fitzgerald H Zucker RA 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(3):363-373
Temperament traits may increase risk for developmental psychopathology like Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
and disruptive behaviors during childhood, as well as predisposing to substance abuse during adolescence. In the current study,
a cascade model of trait pathways to adolescent substance abuse was examined. Component hypotheses were that (a) maladaptive
traits would increase risk for inattention/hyperactivity, (b) inattention/hyperactivity would increase risk for disruptive
behaviors, and (c) disruptive behaviors would lead to adolescent substance abuse. Participants were 674 children (486 boys)
from 321 families in an ongoing, longitudinal high risk study that began when children were 3 years old. Temperament traits
assessed were reactive control, resiliency, and negative emotionality, using examiner ratings on the California Q-Sort. Parent,
teacher, and self ratings of inattention/hyperactivity, disruptive behaviors, and substance abuse were also obtained. Low
levels of childhood reactive control, but not resiliency or negative emotionality, were associated with adolescent substance
abuse, mediated by disruptive behaviors. Using a cascade model, family risk for substance abuse was partially mediated by
reactive control, inattention/hyperactivity, and disruptive behavior. Some, but not all, temperament traits in childhood were
related to adolescent substance abuse; these effects were mediated via inattentive/hyperactive and disruptive behaviors.
This work was supported by NIAAA grant R01-AA12217 to Robert Zucker and Joel Nigg, NIAAA grant R37-AA07065 to Robert Zucker
and Hiram Fitzgerald, and NIMH grant R01-MH59105 to Joel Nigg. Martel was supported by 1 F31 MH075533-01A2. The authors thank
the participants and Susan Refior, the long term MLS Field Director, whose steadfast commitment and support have made this
study possible. 相似文献