排序方式: 共有105条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
41.
Susan E. Gathercole Susan J. Pickering Camilla Knight Zoe Stegmann 《Applied cognitive psychology》2004,18(1):1-16
The relationship between working memory skills and performance on national curriculum assessments in English, mathematics and science was explored in groups of children aged 7 and 14 years. At 7 years, children's levels of attainment in both English and mathematics were significantly associated with working memory scores, and in particular with performance on complex span tasks. At 14 years, strong links persisted between the complex working memory test scores and attainments levels in both mathematics and science, although ability in the English assessments showed no strong association with working memory skill. The results suggest that the intellectual operations required in the curriculum areas of mathematics and science are constrained by the general capacity of working memory across the childhood years. However, whereas success in the acquisition in literacy (tapped by the English assessments at the youngest age) was also linked with working memory capacity, achievements in the higher‐level skills of comprehension and analysis of English literature assessed at 14 years were independent of working memory capacity. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
42.
Frisson S Pickering MJ 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》1999,25(6):1366-1383
The authors investigated the time course of the processing of metonymic expressions in comparison with literal ones in 2 eye-tracking experiments. Experiment 1 considered the processing of sentences containing place-for-institution metonymies such as the convent in That blasphemous woman had to answer to the convent; it was found that such expressions were of similar difficulty to sentences containing literal interpretations of the same expressions. In contrast, expressions without a relevant metonymic interpretation caused immediate difficulty. Experiment 2 found similar results for place-for-event metonymies such as A lot of Americans protested during Vietnam, except that the difficulty with expressions without a relevant metonymic interpretation was somewhat delayed. The authors argue that these findings are incompatible with models of figurative language processing in which either the literal sense is accessed first or the figurative sense is accessed first. Instead, they support an account in which both senses can be accessed immediately, perhaps through a single under-specified representation. 相似文献
43.
Two methods of assessing the capacity of phonological short-term memory that minimize support from long-term memory were compared in a sample of 7- and 8-year-old children. The children were tested on immediate serial recall of words and nonwords, and on the serial recognition of sequences composed of words and nonwords. Serial recognition scores were found to be highly related to children's accuracy of recall of nonwords composed of low-probability phonotactic combinations, but were independent of the long-term memory contributions to recall estimated in the serial recall experiment. Children with high vocabulary knowledge performed significantly better than low vocabulary children on both the recall and recognition measures. It is argued that the convergence of the two techniques lends substantial validity to their use as assessments of phonological storage capacity relatively free of long-term memory influence, and that the crucial difference between children varying in vocabulary knowledge lies in this storage capacity rather than the differential availability and use of long-term knowledge. 相似文献
44.
Linguistic analyses suggest that common and seemingly simple expressions, such as began the book, cannot be interpreted with
simple compositional processes; rather, they require enriched composition to provide an interpretation, such as began reading
the book (Jackendoff, 1997; Pustejovsky, 1995). Recent reading time studies have supported these accounts by providing evidence
that these expressions are more costly to process than are minimally contrasting controls (e.g., McElree, Traxler, Pickering,
Seely, & Jackendoff, 2001). We report a response signal speed—accuracy trade-off (SAT) study in which two types of expressions
that are thought to require enriched composition were examined. Analyses of the full time course SAT data indicate that these
expressions were interpreted less accurately and, most importantly, more slowly than control sentences. The latter finding
suggests that enriched composition requires the online deployment of complex compositional operations. 相似文献
45.
Berlin and Kay (1969) found systematic restrictions in the color terms of the world’s languages and were inclined to look
to the primate visual system for their origin. Because the visual system does not provide adequate neurophysiological discontinuities
to supply natural color category boundaries, and because recent evidence points to a linguistic origin (Davidoff, Davies,
& Roberson, 1999), a new approach was used to investigate the controversial issue of the origin of color categories. Baboons
and humans were given the same task of matching-to-sample colors that crossed the blue/green boundary. The data and consequent
modeling were remarkably clear-cut. All human subjects matched our generalization probe stimuli as if to a sharp boundary
close to the midpoint between their training items. Despite good color discrimination, none of the baboons showed any inclination
to match to a single boundary but rather responded with two boundaries close to the training stimuli. The data give no support
to the claim that color categories are explicitly instantiated in the primate color vision system. 相似文献
46.
Tests of causal attribution often use verbal vignettes, with covariation information provided through statements quantified with natural language expressions. The effect of covariation information has typically been taken to show that set size information affects attribution. However, recent research shows that quantifiers provide information about discourse focus as well as covariation information. In the attribution literature, quantifiers are used to depict covariation, but they confound quantity and focus. In four experiments, we show that focus explains all (Experiment 1) or some (Experiment 2-4) of the impact of covariation information on the attributions made, confirming the importance of the confound. Attribution experiments using vignettes that present covariation information with natural language quantifiers may overestimate the impact of set size information, and ignore the impact of quantifier-induced focus. 相似文献
47.
Studies monitoring eye-movements in scenes containing entities have provided robust evidence for incremental reference resolution processes. This paper addresses the less studied question of whether depicted event scenes can affect processes of incremental thematic role-assignment. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants inspected agent-action-patient events while listening to German verb-second sentences with initial structural and role ambiguity. The experiments investigated the time course with which listeners could resolve this ambiguity by relating the verb to the depicted events. Such verb-mediated visual event information allowed early disambiguation on-line, as evidenced by anticipatory eye-movements to the appropriate agent/patient role filler. We replicated this finding while investigating the effects of intonation. Experiment 3 demonstrated that when the verb was sentence-final and thus did not establish early reference to the depicted events, linguistic cues alone enabled disambiguation before people encountered the verb. Our results reveal the on-line influence of depicted events on incremental thematic role-assignment and disambiguation of local structural and role ambiguity. In consequence, our findings require a notion of reference that includes actions and events in addition to entities (e.g. Semantics and Cognition, 1983), and argue for a theory of on-line sentence comprehension that exploits a rich inventory of semantic categories. 相似文献
48.
Taking the possibility of visual argumentation seriously, this essay explores how refutation might proceed. We posit three ways in which images can refute and be refuted in a mixed-media environment: (1) dissection, in which an image is broken down discursively; (2) substitution, in which one image is replaced within a larger visual frame by a different image; and (3) transformation, in which an image is recontextualized in a new visual frame. These strategies are illustrated in an analysis of three American documentary films on abortion. 相似文献
49.
Holly P. Branigan Martin J. Pickering Simon P. Liversedge Andrew J. Stewart Thomas P. Urbach 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》1995,24(6):489-506
We argue that psycholinguistics should be concerned with both the representation and the processing of language. Recent experimental work on syntax in language comprehension has largely concentrated on the way in which language is processed, and has assumed that theoretical linguistics serves to determine the representation of language. In contrast, we advocate experimental work on the mental representation of grammatical knowledge, and argue that sybtactic priming is a promising way to do this. Syntactic priming is the phenomenon whereby exposure to a sentence with a particular syntactic construction can affect the subsequent processing of an otherwise unrelated sentence with the same (or, perhaps, related) structure, for reasons of that structure. We assess evidence for syntactic priming in corpora, and then consider experimental evidence for priming in production and comprehension, and for bidirectional priming between comprehension and production. This in particular strongly suggests that priming is tapping into linguistic knowledge itself, and is not just facilitating particular processes. The final section discusses the importance of priming evidence for any account of language construed as the mental representation of human linguistic capacities.The order of the first two authors is arbitrary. H.B. is supported by an EPSRC Postgraduate Studentship. M.P. is supported by a British Academy Postdoctoral Felowship. S.L. is supported by a University of Nottingham Postdoctoral Fellowship. A.S. was supported by British Academy Research Grant awarded to M.P. T.U. is in part supported by a Mellon Science Development Grant. We would like to thank Dave Elmes, Tyler Lorig, Matt Traxler, an anonymous reviewer, and members of the Sentence Processing Group, Human Communication Research Centre, Universities of Edinburgh and Glasgow. 相似文献
50.
David Pickering 《Heythrop Journal》2020,61(4):660-670