Neonatal Intensive-Care Unit Graduates Show Persistent Difficulties in an Intradimensional Shift Card Sort

Neonatal intensive-care unit (NICU) graduates, a group at risk for attention problems and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, performed an intradimensional shift card sort at 34, 42, 51, and 60 months to assess executive function and to examine effects of individual risk factors. In the “silly” game, children sorted cards (airplanes and dogs) so they were not the same as targets. In the “same” game, they did the opposite. Performance on the “silly” game was poor, especially when it was presented first. Success in following “silly” game rules improved with age and was significantly linked to maternal education and birth weight for gestational age, a measure of intrauterine stress. Degree of central nervous system injury differentiated children who completed the task from children who did not, and it also affected the need to repeat instructions in the “same” game. These results confirm an increased likelihood of impairments in executive function during preschool years in NICU graduates.     

The Founding of Christianity Today Magazine and the Construction of An American Evangelical Identity

The emergence of modern American evangelicalism parallels the rise and development of Christianity Today magazine, a publication that has moved from a position of advocacy for a group of marginalized neo-fundamentalists to a well-established media system with a large evangelical constituency. This paper considers Christianity Today as both an ideological tool and a journalistic enterprise and examines the magazine's role during its founding era, under the editorial leadership of Carl F. H. Henry, in the ascendancy of evangelicalism as a social movement.     

Parents' Perceptions of Children's Worries in a Changing World

The nature and intensity of worries that preadolescent children experience and the extent to which parents are aware of their children's concerns were examined. Questionnaires with three subscales (Physical Harm, Daily Life Matters, and Global Issues) were filled out by 89 6th graders and their parents. Parents underestimated the overall degree to which children worry, and they tended to believe that their children worried most about daily life matters, such as grades and popularity; children were in fact least worried about daily life matters and most worried about global issues, such as pollution and starvation. Both child and parent gender differences were found.     

The Adjective Check List Applied to Older Institutionalized Men

The assessment of the personality of the institutionalized aged presents many difficulties, since not all are capable of responding to the usual inventories. The Adjective Check List (ACL) has been considered a simple, flexible technique overcoming these difficulties. Seventy older men were evaluated on the ACL through self-reports and reports of their supervisors. Residents with disciplinary problems were described on a number of dimensions including aggression and need for change. Intelligence-personality relationships were found that were consistent with those found in children. The method appears capable of eliciting the negative self-perceptions of those who have early institutionalization.     

Normal and Exceptional Children's Attitudes Toward Themselves and one Another

In this study 65 junior high school boys and girls (54 normal and 11 exceptional children) evaluated themselves most favorably, normal children as a group less favorably, and exceptional children as a group least favorably of all on the Personal Attribute Inventory for Children. This was so regardless of whether the respondents were normal or exceptional children. Since data were collected from mainstreamed classrooms, it appears that mainstreaming may not be directly deleterious to exceptional children's self-concepts, but has associated with it a negative stigma for exceptional children as a group for both exceptional and normal children. These findings, plus others reported previously, fail to demonstrate that mainstreaming in its present form may be an elixir for exceptional children's social-emotional difficulties.     

THE EFFECTS OF CHILDHOOD FAMILY STRESS ON WOMEN'S DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS:

This study uses a life course approach to observe the interaction between stressful childhood events and recent undesirable events to predict depressive symptoms in women. Data are from a community sample ( N = 205) of adult daughters from the Cornell Women's Roles Project, aged 26–58 years. Results indicate that women who experienced mild stressors during childhood are less likely to have depressive responses to undesirable events than are those who did not have stressful family backgrounds. This buffering influence appears to be partially mediated through a woman's belief in her control over external events. In the absence of childhood strains, a close father–daughter relationship during childhood may also teach women protective mastery skills. Overall, findings suggest that women's differing depressive responses to undesirable events follow a developmental pathway beginning with early childhood experiences. We suggest that the milder childhood stressors measured in this study stimulated an adaptive family environment from which these women were able to garner life course coping strategies.