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101.
102.
We examined whether temporal integration of face parts reflects holistic processing or response interference. Participants
learned to name two faces “Fred” and two “Bob.” At test, the top and bottom halves of different faces formed composites and
were presented briefly separated in time. Replicating prior findings (Singer & Sheinberg, Vision Research, 46, 1838–1847, 2006), naming of the target half for aligned composites was slowed when the irrelevant half was from a face with a different name
rather than from the original face. However, no interference was observed when the irrelevant half had a name identical to
the name of the target half but came from a different learned face, arguing against a true holistic effect. Instead, response
interference was obtained when the target half briefly preceded the irrelevant half. Experiment 2 confirmed a double dissociation of holistic processing versus response interference for intact faces versus temporally separated
face halves, suggesting that simultaneous presentation of facial information is critical for holistic processing. 相似文献
103.
Kousaie S Phillips NA 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2011,18(1):22-55
Reaction time (RT) and the N400 ERP component were measured to examine age-related differences in bilingual language processing. Although young bilinguals appear to access both languages simultaneously (i.e., non-selective access), little is known about language selection in older adults. The effect of language context on language selectivity was investigated using interlingual homographs (IH; i.e., words with identical orthography but distinct semantic features in two languages, e.g., coin meaning 'corner' in French and 'money' in English). Younger and older French/English bilinguals were presented with triplets of letter strings comprised of a language context cue, an IH, and a target word, in a lexical decision semantic priming task. RT and ERP results support non-selective language access in young adults; however, the older bilinguals used the language context cue to bias their reading of the IH. Results are discussed in terms of age-related changes in language processing and context use in bilinguals. 相似文献
104.
This paper applies Beck and Ajzen’s (Journal of Research in Personality 25:285–301, 1991) extended version of the theory of planned behaviour model to the decisions of students to engage in academic dishonesty
(cheating and lying). The model proposes that students’ intentions to engage in dysfunctional behaviours may be influenced
by attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and moral obligation. This study was done using a survey questionnaire
of 363 undergraduate students at a West Indian University. Based on the extended version of the theory of planned behaviour,
with the exception of subjective norms which only predicted students’ intentions to cheat, it was found that attitudes, perceived
behavioural control and moral obligation were significant predictors of students’ intentions to perform academic dishonesty
behaviours in the form of cheating and lying. The results of the study have given further support to the use of the extended
version of the theory of planned behaviour. Implications are discussed. 相似文献
105.
106.
Accumulating evidence on the nature, function and acquisition of relational knowledge indicates a crucial role of such knowledge in higher cognitive processes. In this review, we specify the essential properties of relational knowledge, together with the role it plays in reasoning, categorisation, planning, quantification and language. Furthermore, we discuss the processes involved in its acquisition and how these processes have been implemented in contemporary neural network models. We present evidence demonstrating that relational knowledge integrates heuristic and analytic cognition, is important for symbolic processes and the creation of novelty, activates specific regions of the prefrontal cortex, and is the most recently evolved and slowest-developing cognitive process. Arguably, relational knowledge represents the core of higher cognition. 相似文献
107.
Both domain-specific and expertise accounts of category specialization assume that generalization occurs within a domain but not between domains. Yet it is often difficult to define the boundaries and critical features of object domains. Differences in how categories are defined make it difficult to adjudicate between accounts of category specificity and may lead to contradictory results. For example, evidence for whether car experts recruit the fusiform face area is mixed, and this inconsistency may be due to the inclusion of antique cars in one of those previous studies (e.g., Grill-Spector, Knouf, & Kanwisher, 2004). The present study tested the generalization of expertise from modern to antique cars and found that modern-car experts showed expert discrimination and holistic processing of modern cars but not of antique cars. These findings suggest that the neural specialization underlying perceptual expertise is highly specific and may not generalize to distinct subclasses, even when they share some degree of perceptual and conceptual features. 相似文献
108.
The aim of this study is to examine existing research on social cognitive factors that may, in part, mediate the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and coronary heart disease (CHD). We focus on how social status is 'carried' in the mental systems of individuals, and how these systems differentially affect CHD risk and associated behaviors. To this end, literatures documenting the association of various social cognitive factors (e.g., social comparison, perceived discrimination, and self-efficacy) with cardiovascular disease are reviewed as are literatures regarding the relationship of these factors to SES. Possible mechanisms through which social cognitions may affect health are addressed. In addition, directions for future research are discussed, and a model identifying the possible associations between social cognitive factors, SES, and coronary disease is provided. 相似文献
109.
Can the relationship between tangential velocity and radius of curvature explain motor constancy? 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Phillips JG 《Human movement science》2008,27(5):799-811
To address contributions of speed, efficiency, radius of curvature and joint complexity to the strength of the lawful relationship between tangential velocity and radius of curvature (power law), an experiment considered the strength of the power law when participants were instructed to perform circling movements using the elbow, finger, shoulder, or wrist. Five participants performed circling motions in a vertical plane upon a Smartboard that sampled finger tip position at 200Hz. Page's L tested whether the strength of the power law could be predicted by: (1) speed; (2) submovements; (3) joint complexity; (4) radius of curvature. A second experiment considered the strength of the power law when six participants were instructed to perform circling movements of different sizes (large, medium, and small) using their shoulders. Movement speed or efficiency could not explain the strength of the power law, instead the power law was stronger for movements with a smaller radius of curvature or fewer joints. The strength of the power law varied with effector, questioning the role of the power law in motor constancy. 相似文献
110.
Leynes PA Phillips MC 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2008,34(4):741-751
The source monitoring framework (SMF; M. K. Johnson, S. Hashtroudi, & D. S. Lindsay, 1993) posits that source monitoring can be supported by varying degrees of recollection. Source judgments were made for words heard at study (male or female voice) followed by remember/know (RK) judgments in order to assess differences in degrees of recollection during source monitoring (J. L. Hicks, R. L. Marsh, & L. Ritschel, 2002). The neural correlate of recollection was examined by contrasting event-related potentials (ERPs) for R and K responses that followed accurate source judgments. The recollection ERP effect was greater for R than K responses but greater for K responses than correct rejections, which reinforces the behavioral evidence that indicates source monitoring can be supported by varying degrees of recollection. A robust late posterior negativity ERP effect was present and began earlier for accurate source judgments given subsequent R than K responses. This is interpreted as reflecting systematic decision processes that are described by the SMF. 相似文献