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181.
Callaghan T Rochat P Lillard A Claux ML Odden H Itakura S Tapanya S Singh S 《Psychological science》2005,16(5):378-384
Over the past 20 years, developmental psychologists have shown considerable interest in the onset of a theory of mind, typically marked by children's ability to pass false-belief tasks. In Western cultures, children pass such tasks around the age of 5 years, with variations of the tasks producing small changes in the age at which they are passed. Knowing whether this age of transition is common across diverse cultures is important to understanding what causes this development. Cross-cultural studies have produced mixed findings, possibly because of varying methods used in different cultures. The present study used a single procedure to measure false-belief understanding in five cultures: Canada, India, Peru, Samoa, and Thailand. With a standardized procedure, we found synchrony in the onset of mentalistic reasoning, with children crossing the false-belief milestone at approximately 5 years of age in every culture studied. The meaning of this synchrony for the origins of mental-state understanding is discussed. 相似文献
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185.
Boden MT John OP Goldin PR Werner K Heimberg RG Gross JJ 《Behaviour research and therapy》2012,50(5):287-291
Beliefs that are negatively biased, inaccurate, and rigid are thought to play a key role in the mood and anxiety disorders. Our goal in this study was to examine whether a change in maladaptive beliefs mediated the outcome of individual cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for social anxiety disorder (SAD). In a sample of 47 individuals with SAD receiving CBT, we measured maladaptive interpersonal beliefs as well as emotional and behavioral components of social anxiety, both at baseline and after treatment completion. We found that (a) maladaptive interpersonal beliefs were associated with social anxiety at baseline and treatment completion; (b) maladaptive interpersonal beliefs were significantly reduced from baseline to treatment completion; and (c) treatment-related reductions in maladaptive interpersonal beliefs fully accounted for reductions in social anxiety after CBT. These results extend the literature by providing support for cognitive models of mental disorders, broadly, and SAD, specifically. 相似文献
186.
JP Rushton 《The American psychologist》2012,67(6):500-501
Comments on the original article, "Intelligence: New findings and theoretical developments," by R. E. Nisbett, J. Aronson, C. Blair, W. Dickens, J. Flynn, D. F. Halpern, and E. Turkheimer (see record 2011-30298-001). The present authors assert Nisbett et al were incorrect when they claimed that between 1972 and 2002 there was a 5.5-point narrowing of the 15-point IQ gap between Blacks and Whites (p. 146). In doing so, they sidestepped Rushton and Jensen's (2006) objections to Dickens and Flynn's (2006) evidence and failed to include subsequent evidence. The present authors maintain that Nisbett et al failed to describe accurately how heritable g provides evidence of a significant genetic contribution to Black-White differences. The present authors claim Nisbett et al obscured the topic by invoking alleged age and social class interactions and adoption studies of very young children. Many twin and adoption studies have shown that by adolescence, there are equal heritabilities (about 50%) for Whites, Blacks, and East Asians (Hur, Shin, Jeong, & Han, 2006; Rushton & Jensen, 2010b). There is no evidence of any special cultural influence, such as extreme deprivation or being raised as a visible minority, that operates in one group and not in others. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved). 相似文献
187.
A?na Chalabaev Brenda Major Philippe Sarrazin Fran?ois Cury 《Motivation and emotion》2012,36(2):130-142
We examined the impact of inducing performance-avoidance and approach goals (versus no goal) on women??s math performance in stereotype threatening versus nonthreatening situations. Two experiments showed that inducing either stereotype threat (versus no-threat) or a performance-avoidance goal (versus no goal) alone led to decreased math performance. However, inducing both stereotype threat and a performance-avoidance goal increased women??s performance and challenge appraisals. These findings are consistent with the theory of regulatory fit. Performance and challenge appraisals increased when there was a fit between the motivation associated with stereotype threat (avoid failure) and the induced goal (avoid performing worse than others). Implications for stereotype threat, achievement goals and regulatory focus theories are discussed. 相似文献
188.
Werner KH Jazaieri H Goldin PR Ziv M Heimberg RG Gross JJ 《Anxiety, stress, and coping》2012,25(5):543-558
Self-compassion refers to having an accepting and caring orientation towards oneself. Although self-compassion has been studied primarily in healthy populations, one particularly compelling clinical context in which to examine self-compassion is social anxiety disorder (SAD). SAD is characterized by high levels of negative self-criticism as well as an abiding concern about others' evaluation of one's performance. In the present study, we tested the hypotheses that: (1) people with SAD would demonstrate less self-compassion than healthy controls (HCs), (2) self-compassion would relate to severity of social anxiety and fear of evaluation among people with SAD, and (3) age would be negatively correlated with self-compassion for people with SAD, but not for HC. As expected, people with SAD reported less self-compassion than HCs on the Self-Compassion Scale and its subscales. Within the SAD group, lesser self-compassion was not generally associated with severity of social anxiety, but it was associated with greater fear of both negative and positive evaluation. Age was negatively correlated with self-compassion for people with SAD, whereas age was positively correlated with self-compassion for HC. These findings suggest that self-compassion may be a particularly important target for assessment and treatment in persons with SAD. 相似文献
189.
The precautionary principle is objet of an intense discussion in different legal orders. It is easy to understand the reason why: the regulation of risks challenges the legal thought. The positivist approach has shown its limits. It is now important to ask ourselves about the way in which we can deal with uncertainty effectively. The task is difficult, but we can point out two different aspects. Firstly, it is important to understand the complexity of the technological risks in a transdisciplinary way. This is an unavoidable step in evaluating the ability of the law to prevent them. Secondly, the precautionary principle presupposes a pluralistic conception of nature in which the economic sphere can be seen as a tool to express the relationship between man and nature. 相似文献
190.
Nicolas Gillet Evelyne Fouquereau Jacques Forest Paul Brunault Philippe Colombat 《Journal of business and psychology》2012,27(4):437-450