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31.
Philippe Huneman 《Synthese》2012,185(2):195-214
Among many properties distinguishing emergence, such as novelty, irreducibility and unpredictability, computational accounts
of emergence in terms of computational incompressibility aim first at making sense of such unpredictability. Those accounts
prove to be more objective than usual accounts in terms of levels of mereology, which often face objections of being too epistemic.
The present paper defends computational accounts against some objections, and develops what such notions bring to the usual
idea of unpredictability. I distinguish the objective unpredictability, compatible with determinism and entailed by emergence,
and various possibilities of predictability at emergent levels. This makes sense of practices common in complex systems studies
that forge qualitative predictions on the basis of comparisons of simulations with multiple values of parameters. I consider
robustness analysis as a way to ensure the ontological character of computational emergence. Finally, I focus on the property
of novelty, as it is displayed by biological evolution, and ask whether computer simulations of evolution can produce the
same kind of emergence as the open-ended evolution attested in Phanerozoic records. 相似文献
32.
Philippe Huneman 《Erkenntnis》2012,76(2):171-194
This paper investigates the conception of causation required in order to make sense of natural selection as a causal explanation
of changes in traits or allele frequencies. It claims that under a counterfactual account of causation, natural selection
is constituted by the causal relevance of traits and alleles to the variation in traits and alleles frequencies. The “statisticalist”
view of selection (Walsh, Matthen, Ariew, Lewens) has shown that natural selection is not a cause superadded to the causal
interactions between individual organisms. It also claimed that the only causation at work is those aggregated individual
interactions, natural selection being only predictive and explanatory, but it is implicitly committed to a process-view of
causation. I formulate a counterfactual construal of the causal statements underlying selectionist explanations, and show
that they hold because of the reference they make to ecological reliable factors. Considering case studies, I argue that this
counterfactual view of causal relevance proper to natural selection captures more salient features of evolutionary explanations
than the statisticalist view, and especially makes sense of the difference between selection and drift. I eventually establish
equivalence between causal relevance of traits and natural selection itself as a cause. 相似文献
33.
The purpose of the present research was to show that satisfaction of the psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness constitutes a basic component characterizing autobiographical memories. In Study 1, a coding scheme and a self-rating method for measuring need satisfaction in memories were developed and shown to be highly related to each other. Across 3 studies using graduate and undergraduate students (Study 1: N=244; Study 2: N=309; Study 3: N=159), need satisfaction was found to be moderately associated with well-being measures, over and above several other memory components usually assessed in research on autobiographical memories. In addition, this association between need satisfaction in autobiographical memories and well-being held, even after controlling for person-level measures, such as personality traits, self-determined orientation, or experience of need satisfaction in general in one's life, thus suggesting that autobiographical memory and semantic self-knowledge are distinct databases. 相似文献
34.
Yoon-Mi Hur Hoe-Uk Jeong Julie Aitken Schermer J. Philippe Rushton 《Personality and individual differences》2011,51(8):1052-1055
Despite numerous folk sayings about miserly people, the genetic and environmental architecture of the character trait of miserliness has been very rarely studied to date. We administered six items of the miserliness scale to 1110 pairs of South Korean twins aged 12- to 25-years (M = 18.0, SD = 3.3). Model-fitting analyses indicated that 28% (95% CI: 21–34%) and 72% (95% CI: 66–79%) of individual difference in miserliness were attributable to genetic and unique environmental influences, respectively. Common family environmental effects were negligible, consistent with a large body of behavioral genetic literature on personality. Sex differences in the magnitude of genetic and environmental factors in miserliness were not significant. 相似文献
35.
Hooria Jazaieri Kelly McGonigal Thupten Jinpa James R. Doty James J. Gross Philippe R. Goldin 《Motivation and emotion》2014,38(1):23-35
Compassion is a positive orientation towards suffering that may be enhanced through compassion training and is thought to influence psychological functioning. However, the effects of compassion training on mindfulness, affect, and emotion regulation are not known. We conducted a randomized controlled trial in which 100 adults from the community were randomly assigned to either a 9-week compassion cultivation training (CCT) or a waitlist (WL) control condition. Participants completed self-report inventories that measured mindfulness, positive and negative affect, and emotion regulation. Compared to WL, CCT resulted in increased mindfulness and happiness, as well as decreased worry and emotional suppression. Within CCT, the amount of formal meditation practiced was related to reductions in worry and emotional suppression. These findings suggest that compassion cultivation training effects cognitive and emotion factors that support psychological flexible and adaptive functioning. 相似文献
36.
37.
Feuerbach's theory of object‐relations and its legacy in 20th century post‐Hegelian philosophy 下载免费PDF全文
Jean‐Philippe Deranty 《The Southern journal of philosophy》2015,53(3):286-310
This paper focuses on the way in which Feuerbach's attempt to develop a naturalistic, realist remodeling of Hegel's relational ontology, which culminated in his own version of “sensualism”, led him to emphasize the vulnerability of the subject and the role of affectivity, thus making object‐dependence a constitutive feature of subjectivity. We find in Feuerbach the first lineaments of a philosophical theory of object‐relations, one that anticipates the well‐known psychological theory of the same name, but one that also offers a broader metaphysical basis in which all types of “essential objects” are shown to matter to subjectivity. This Feuerbachian theory of object‐relations, the paper then argues, foreshadows a number of important developments in 20th century post‐Hegelian philosophy. In it can be found an anticipation of Adorno's later theory of mimesis. Equally, this theory already emphasizes the “libidinal” nature of intentionality, in a way that announces Merleau‐Ponty's ontology of the flesh. Finally, the last section of the article proposes a model with which we might reconstruct the way in which object‐relations and self‐relations can be brought together consistently. In this instance, Feuerbach uses concepts that announce Freud's notion of “primary narcissism”. One contemporary philosopher who has proposed a sophisticated model of subjectivity, in which primary narcissism is shown to complement object‐dependence, is Axel Honneth. The last section argues that Feuerbach's full image of subjective identity as reciprocal scaffolding of self‐ and object‐relations reminds strongly of Honneth's core concept of “positive self‐relation”. 相似文献
38.
39.
In this study, the effect of fitness level on perceived pain before and after a steady state exercise was investigated. Ten trained cyclists (M age=25.2 yr., SD=4.9) and 10 sedentary men (Mage=24.5 yr., SD=2.2) performed a maximal graded test on a cycle ergometer. At least 48 hr. later the participants of both groups performed a 30-min. steady-state cycling test at 75% of VO2 max. Before the steady-state exercise and 5- and 30-min. postexercise, a pressure pain stimulation test was applied on the finger of each participant. Perceived pain was measured with Borg's CR10 scale at the end of each pain stimulation. The results indicated no significant changes in perceived pain between the pre-exercise and 5- and 30-min. postexercise values (effect sizes=.07 and .19, respectively). Moreover, no significant difference in perceived pain was found between the groups for pre-exercise (ES=.02) and 5- and 30-min. postexercise (ES=.16 and .21, respectively) values. These results do not confirm the analgesic effects usually observed after steady state exercise. Therefore, it is not possible to compare the analgesic effect of this exercise mode between participants characterized by different fitness levels. 相似文献
40.
Amandine Afonso Alan Blum Brian F. G. Katz Philippe Tarroux Grégoire Borst Michel Denis 《Memory & cognition》2010,38(5):591-604
When people scan mental images, their response times increase linearly with increases in the distance to be scanned, which
is generally taken as reflecting the fact that their internal representations incorporate the metric properties of the corresponding
objects. In view of this finding, we investigated the structural properties of spatial mental images created from nonvisual
sources in three groups (blindfolded sighted, late blind, and congenitally blind). In Experiment 1, blindfolded sighted and
late blind participants created metrically accurate spatial representations of a small-scale spatial configuration under both
verbal and haptic learning conditions. In Experiment 2, late and congenitally blind participants generated accurate spatial
mental images after both verbal and locomotor learning of a full-scale navigable space (created by an immersive audio virtual
reality system), whereas blindfolded sighted participants were selectively impaired in their ability to generate precise spatial
representations from locomotor experience. These results attest that in the context of a permanent lack of sight, encoding
spatial information on the basis of the most reliable currently functional system (the sensorimotor system) is crucial for
building a metrically accurate representation of a spatial environment. The results also highlight the potential of spatialized
audio-rendering technology for exploring the spatial representations of visually impaired participants. 相似文献