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141.
142.
Nonreinforced exposure to a nontarget stimulus that was followed by nonreinforced exposure to a target/nontarget simultaneous compound stimulus resulted in enhanced latent inhibition of the target. Conditioning was slower after this treatment than after nonreinforced exposure to the target stimulus alone (Experiment 1). However, a salient auditory stimulus presented immediately after the compound in the second phase reduced levels of latent inhibition, relative to the enhanced latent inhibition produced when no such extracompound stimulus was presented (Experiments 2 and 3). This effect was not noted if the salient auditory cue was presented 10 sec after the termination of the compound stimulus (Experiment 4). In Experiment 5, there was no disruption of simple latent inhibition produced by a salient stimulus. These results are consistent with enhanced latent inhibition's being produced by the formation of within-compound associations, which are disrupted by the salient extracompound stimuli. 相似文献
143.
Reinstatement refers to the recovery of previously extinguished responding by the responseindependent delivery of a stimulus that was a
reinforcer in training. Two experiments were conducted to examine relative reinstatement following the training of differential
preextinction response rates, either with equal (Experiment 1) or unequal (Experiment 2) preextinction reinforcement rates.
In Experiment 1, each of 3 pigeons first pecked at relatively high rates in the tandem variable-time 117-sec fixed-interval
3-sec component of a multiple schedule and at lower rates in a separate tandem variableinterval 117-sec fixed-time 3-sec component.
Reinforcement rates were equal between components. Pecking then was extinguished in each component, before being reinstated
under a multiple variabletime 120-sec variable-time 120-sec schedule. Greater reinstatement occurred in the component previously
correlated with higher rates of pecking. In Experiment 2, in an initial condition, the mean rate of lever pressing for one
group of 8 rats was significantly higher under a fixed-ratio 3 schedule than for another group of 8 rats under a fixed-ratio
1 schedule. Mean reinforcement rate was significantly higher for the group exposed to the fixed-ratio 1 schedule. For each
group, lever pressing then was extinguished, before being reinstated under a variable-time 30-sec schedule. Significantly
greater mean reinstatement occurred for the group previously exposed to the fixed-ratio 3 schedule. These results suggest
that differential reinstatement may be predicted by preextinction response rate, perhaps independently of preextinction reinforcement
rate. 相似文献
144.
Personality and risk-taking: common biosocial factors 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
The first part of this article describes a study of the relationships between personality and risk-taking in six areas: smoking, drinking, drugs, sex, driving, and gambling. The participants, 260 college students, were given self-report measures of risky behaviors in each of the six areas and the Zuckerman-Kuhlman five-factor personality questionnaire. Generalized risk-taking (across all six areas) was related to scales for impulsive sensation seeking, aggression, and sociability, but not to scales for neuroticism or activity. Gender differences on risk-taking were mediated by differences on impulsive sensation seeking. The second part discusses biological traits associated with both risk-taking and personality, particularly sensation seeking, such as the D4 dopamine receptor gene. the enzyme monoamine oxidase, and augmenting or reducing of the cortical evoked potential. Comparative studies show relationships between biological markers shared with other species and correlated behaviors similar to sensation seeking in humans. A biosocial model of the traits underlying risk-taking is presented. 相似文献
145.
We examined construct validity and implications of scales that assess perceived control over controllable events (realistic control belief) and perceived control over uncontrollable events (unrealistic control belief). We found that people high in unrealistic control belief are less likely to discriminate between controllable and uncontrollable situations and to distort task outcomes so as to make them appear more favorable (more under control). We also found that people high in realistic control belief are more likely to assume responsibility for past mistakes. In additional studies on coping and health risk behavior, higher realistic control belief was related to direct engagement with the stressor and to less risky sexual behavior; higher unrealistic control belief was related to less emotional processing and to more risky sexual behavior. The results demonstrate a need to discriminate between the two types of control beliefs. 相似文献
146.
Isabella Kasselstrand Phil Zuckerman Robert Little Donald A. Westbrook 《Journal of Contemporary Religion》2018,33(1):87-105
Most Danish youth participate in the traditional Lutheran ritual of confirmation. However, a growing minority does not. Based on survey data collected in 2011 from over 600 Danish pupils, this study examines the ways in which Danish ‘nonfirmands’ are different from their peers who participate in confirmation in relation to religious background, personal religious beliefs, intellectual engagement, and demographic factors. We further explore key motivations for ‘nonfirmation’ expressed by the nonfirmands in the sample. Broadly speaking, our findings highlight secular socialization and individual beliefs about God as key elements in understanding the nonfirmand and his or her reasons for opting out of confirmation. We expect confirmations to continue to decline in popularity as nonfirmation gains social acceptance, as nonfirmands raise their own children, and as Denmark becomes increasingly secular. 相似文献
147.
148.
Phil C. Zylla 《Journal of religion and health》2018,57(2):538-550
This paper will examine the curative effects of art and the reorienting perspective of poetry in the aesthetic pastoral theology of Donald E. Capps by exploring two key volumes, The Poet’s Gift and At Home in the World. The paper identifies some of the key contributions of Capps’s exploration of art and poetry including the recovery of perception, the advancement of reframing perspective, the notion of embodied pastoral conversation and the roots of religious sensibility. The therapeutic effect of the imaginative aesthetic pastoral theology in these two volumes is further developed by integrating three corollary themes in Capps’s particular orientation to pastoral theology, namely hope, freedom and authenticity. 相似文献
149.
150.
Phil Enns 《International Journal for Philosophy of Religion》2007,62(2):103-114
This paper explores the significance of authority for Kant’s understanding of the relationship between reason and revelation.
Beginning with the separation of the faculties of Theology and Philosophy in Conflict, it will be shown that Kant sees a clear distinction between the authority of reason and that of revelation. However, when
one turns to Religion, it is also clear that Kant sees an important, perhaps necessary, relationship between the two. Drawing on a variety of texts,
in particular those concerning the public and private use of reason, this paper then explores the relationship between the
authority of reason and that of revelation. From this discussion, several conclusions will be drawn regarding Kant’s understanding
of the relationship between reason and revelation, namely that while distinct, the two are not necessarily in conflict and
that, ultimately, the proper functioning of public reason must include some reference to revelation. 相似文献