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111.
Phil Reed 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》1993,46(2):327-345
Experiments examined the effect of various relationships between a response (pressing the space bar of a computer) and an outcome (a triangle flashing on a screen) on judgements of the causal effectiveness of the response. As the mean number of responses required per outcome on a variable-ratio (VR) schedule (Experiment 1) or the mean temporal interval on a variableinterval (VI) schedule (Experiment 2) increased, ratings of causal effectiveness of that response decreased. In Experiment 3, yoking procedures matched either the number of responses required per outcome or the temporal distributions of outcomes on a VI and a VR schedule, and responses on the VI schedule were rated more causally effective. In Experiment 4, the overall feedback function on a tandem VI VR and a tandem VR VI schedule was matched, and responses performed on the tandem VR VI schedule were rated as more causally effective. 相似文献
112.
Ian J. Deary John Wearden Bennett G. Galef Jr Kurt Hammeschmidt R.W. Byrne Phil Reed 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B: Comparative and Physiological Psychology》1993,46(4):413-427
Gale. A., & Eysenck, M.W. (Eds.). (1992). Handbook of individual diffeences: Biological perspectives. Chicheste: Wiley. Pp. 395. ISBN 0-471-91155-0. £59.95 (Hbk.).
Honig, N. (1988). Pesonality: In seach of individuality. New York: Academic Press. Zuckeman, M. (1991). Psychobiology of Personality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McGrew, W.C (1992). Chimpanzee mateial culture: Implications fo human evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. xvi + 277. ISBN 0-521-41303-6. £40.00 (Hbk.). ISBN 0-521-42371-6. £16.95 (Pk.).
McGego, P.K. (Ed.) (1992). Playback and studies of animal communication. NATOASI Series Vol. 228. New York: Plenum Press. Pp. x + 231. ISBN 0-306-44205-1. Us$90.00 (Hbk.).
Gibson. K.R., & Ingold. T. (1993). Tools, language and cognition in human evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. xii + 483. ISBN 0-521-41474-1. £45.00 (Hbk.).
Amsel, A. (1992). Frustration theoy: An analysis of dispositional learning and memoy. Cambridge: Cambridge Univesity ress. Pp. xiii + 278. ISBN 0-521-24784-5. £35.00 (Hbk.). 相似文献
Honig, N. (1988). Pesonality: In seach of individuality. New York: Academic Press. Zuckeman, M. (1991). Psychobiology of Personality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McGrew, W.C (1992). Chimpanzee mateial culture: Implications fo human evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. xvi + 277. ISBN 0-521-41303-6. £40.00 (Hbk.). ISBN 0-521-42371-6. £16.95 (Pk.).
McGego, P.K. (Ed.) (1992). Playback and studies of animal communication. NATOASI Series Vol. 228. New York: Plenum Press. Pp. x + 231. ISBN 0-306-44205-1. Us$90.00 (Hbk.).
Gibson. K.R., & Ingold. T. (1993). Tools, language and cognition in human evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. xii + 483. ISBN 0-521-41474-1. £45.00 (Hbk.).
Amsel, A. (1992). Frustration theoy: An analysis of dispositional learning and memoy. Cambridge: Cambridge Univesity ress. Pp. xiii + 278. ISBN 0-521-24784-5. £35.00 (Hbk.). 相似文献
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114.
Vern L. Bengtson R. David Hayward Phil Zuckerman Merril Silverstein 《Journal for the scientific study of religion》2018,57(2):258-275
Recent polls show that an increasing number of young adults profess no religious affiliation. Prior research has suggested several explanations for this, among them older ages at marriage, higher education rates, reaction against the priest/pedophile scandal, and political backlash against the religious right, as well as the traditional explanation of youthful rebellion against religious parents. In this article, we propose another theory: intergenerational transmission, an increase in the number of parents and grandparents who have been explicitly socializing their children to a nonreligious worldview. We use a mixed methods approach with data from the 34‐year Longitudinal Study of Generations to examine parents’ and grandparents’ influence on youth over several decades. The rate of nonreligious young persons in our sample tripled between 1971 and 2005. Though this undoubtedly reflects broader cohort trends, we can trace a significant portion of this growth to family intergenerational continuity brought about by explicitly nonreligious socialization by parents as well as grandparents. Qualitative data provide insight into processes of nonreligious influence over generations, seen in three types: multigenerational socialization of humanism, of atheism, and of the unintended socialization of “religious rebels” from highly religious parents. 相似文献
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116.
Personal interviews were conducted with 499 children of elderly white widows. Results showed no birth order differences in the provision of assistance to the elderly; however, there were significant sex differences. Daughters performed more caretaking activities and social services and provided more emotional support for their mothers than did sons. Sons had a tendency, though insignificant, to provide more advisory assistance to their mothers. After adjusting for situational differences between daughters and sons a sex difference remained only for the provision of emotional support. 相似文献
117.
Annastina Rilton Phil.lic. 《Scandinavian Psychoanalytic Review》2013,36(2):106-116
Quite often we have the experience that adolescents do not accept an offer of treatment, in spite of the fact that they feel miserable. Or, that they do start in treatment and then change their minds and break off contact. The author reflects about factors and conditions contributing to these analytic failures. He discusses elements of analytic method, setting, neutral position, analytic relationship, and how the frames are put under pressure in work with adolescents. He thereafter presents some vignettes and examples of analytic work, where intuitive interventions and interpretations appear against a background of ordinary psychoanalytic method. For the analyst, these interventions can feel unexpected, incidental, like ideas out of the blue. On second thoughts, we may sometimes be able to trace and understand how these intuitions are based on non-conscious processes, like counter-transference feelings, an understanding of the patient still unclear and unarticulated for the analyst or perhaps a last desperate attempt to reach the patient and get in contact at a decisive or critical moment. Finally, the author reflects on the double face of psychoanalysis: both a contemplated, carefully described and systematic method and a craft with elements of intuition, creativity and, sometimes, inspiration. 相似文献
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119.
In three experiments, human participants pressed the space bar on a computer keyboard to earn points on random-ratio (RR) and random-interval (RI) schedules of reinforcement. Verbalized contingency awareness (CA) for each schedule was measured after the entire task (Experiments 1 and 2), or after each RR–RI trial (Experiment 3). In all three experiments, an ability to accurately verbalize the appropriate contingency for each schedule was associated with typical schedule responding. In addition, lagged correlational analysis of verbalized contingency awareness and schedule performance was undertaken in Experiment 3. Results of these correlations initially suggested that CA scores were better predictors of typical schedule performance on the following trial than typical schedule performance was of CA scores on the following trial; however, further analysis revealed no significant differences between the alternate lagged correlation types in each pair. Findings, therefore, suggest that operant performance on RR and RI schedules is associated with participant-derived rule governed behavior, and results are discussed in terms of the introduction of a new paradigm for measuring this association, and the potential for further research to manipulate these parameters further in order to investigate causality in this respect. 相似文献
120.
Phil McAleer Frank E. Pollick Scott A. Love Frances Crabbe Jeffrey M. Zacks 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2014,14(1):307-318
It has been proposed that we make sense of the movements of others by observing fluctuations in the kinematic properties of their actions. At the neural level, activity in the human motion complex (hMT+) and posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) has been implicated in this relationship. However, previous neuroimaging studies have largely utilized brief, diminished stimuli, and the role of relevant kinematic parameters for the processing of human action remains unclear. We addressed this issue by showing extended-duration natural displays of an actor engaged in two common activities, to 12 participants in an fMRI study under passive viewing conditions. Our region-of-interest analysis focused on three neural areas (hMT+, pSTS, and fusiform face area) and was accompanied by a whole-brain analysis. The kinematic properties of the actor, particularly the speed of body part motion and the distance between body parts, were related to activity in hMT+ and pSTS. Whole-brain exploratory analyses revealed additional areas in posterior cortex, frontal cortex, and the cerebellum whose activity was related to these features. These results indicate that the kinematic properties of peoples’ movements are continually monitored during everyday activity as a step to determining actions and intent. 相似文献