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151.
Two experiments examined the influence of postconditioning treatments of contextual cues on instrumental responding acquired with a signaled delay of reinforcement schedule. In Experiment 1, mere exposure to the conditioning context after instrumental training resulted in an attenuated response rate during an extinction test. In the second experiment, responding was decreased by exposure to the contextual cues or sessions in which signaled noncontingent reinforcements occurred. The greatest response decrement, however, occurred following unsignaled noncontingent food presentations. The results are discussed with respect to the different roles of contextual cues on operant responding. 相似文献
152.
John F. Kremer Robert G. Bringle Phil Cave 《Personality and individual differences》1980,1(4):355-361
This experiment examined changes in anxiety and differences in aggression for high and low assertive women when different degrees of conflict were encountered. As predicted, low assertive women were intially more uneasy or anxious than high assertive women when they were placed in a conflictual situation. When the level of actual conflict was low, the level of anxiety of low assertive women decreased. However, when the actual level of conflict was high the anxiety level of low assertive women remained unchanged. These results were taken as support for the fear of conflict hypothesis which predicted that the reduction in anxiety for low assertive persons is contingent upon whether or not the anticipated conflict is actually encountered. The results also indicated that high assertive women were not significantly more aggressive than low assertive women. This finding provided support for Galassi's position that assertiveness and aggression are distinct concepts. 相似文献
153.
Frederick A. Drobin Claude Barbre Ann Belford Ulanov Felicity Brock Kelcourse M.Min. M.Phil. Raymond J. Lawrence Jr Patrick Minges M.Div. Kathryn Madden MA Donald F. Dal Maso C.S.W. Jill Carlen Kirby M.S. C.S.W. Curtis W. Hart Budd H. Kopman Stephen Harding M.Div. Barry Ulanov 《Journal of religion and health》1995,34(2):149-167
154.
155.
Nancy Rowland Peter Bower John Mellor-Clark Phil Heywood Rebecca Hardy 《British Journal of Guidance & Counselling》2000,28(2):215-231
Counselling in primary care in the UK is expanding rapidly, and its evidence base needs to be established. We present the rationale for conducting controlled trials of counselling in primary care, and suggest that a systematic review of controlled trials of counselling in primary care is timely. We describe the process of conducting the review in accordance with Cochrane Collaboration guidelines. The review aimed to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of counselling in primary care, by systematically reviewing cost and outcome data from randomised controlled trials and controlled patient preference trials of counselling interventions, for patients with psychological and psychosocial problems considered suitable for counselling. The search strategy, inclusion and exclusion criteria, data collection and data analysis are described. The results of the review are presented. The review included only controlled trials of counselling in which counsellors accredited by the British Association for Counselling (or equivalent) provided non-directive counselling in primary care. Four trials met the inclusion criteria. Results indicated that patients who receive counselling show a modest but significant improvement in symptom levels compared with those who receive GP care. Levels of satisfaction with counselling are high. There is very tentative evidence to suggest that counselled patients are more likely to be considered recovered than usual GP care patients. There is limited information about the cost-effectiveness of counselling. We conclude by reflecting upon the results of the review and their implications for counselling research. 相似文献
156.
Jordan Randell Andrea Christiana Ranjith-Kumar Prerna Gupta Phil Reed 《Personality and individual differences》2009,47(7):783-788
Deviations from otherwise reliable patterns of responding in human performance on schedules of reinforcement could be associated with personality characteristics, such as psychometrically-measured schizotypy. The present study examined differences between high and low scorers on four schizotypy subscales (unusual experiences, cognitive disorganisation, introvertive anhedonia and impulsive non-conformity) on a random-ratio (RR) and random-interval (RI) schedule of reinforcement. Results showed a higher rate of responding on the RR than RI schedule, consistent with the differences in performance normally observed between these schedules. However, these differences were dependant on whether or not participants scored high or low on the schizotypy subscales, as well as the specific schedule parameters between the schedules. Specifically, high scorers on the unusual experiences (UE) subscale of the O-LIFE(B) were the only group in Experiment 1 not to show a difference in schedule performance, suggesting high scores on this subscale are linked to altered RR and RI performance. Experiment 2 explored this finding further using different schedule parameters, and confirmed that high scorers in UE did not differ in response rates between the two schedules. 相似文献
157.
Over the last few years, there has been increased interest in the addictive potential of the Internet. The current study was an attempt to replicate common findings in the literature and provide more evidence for the existence of Internet addiction among students--a population considered to be especially vulnerable. A total of 371 British students responded to the questionnaire, which included the Pathological Internet Use (PIU) scale, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), a self-esteem scale, and two measures of disinhibition. Results showed that 18.3% of the sample were considered to be pathological Internet users, whose excessive use of the Internet was causing academic, social, and interpersonal problems. Other results showed that pathological Internet users had lower self-esteem and were more socially disinhibited. However, there was no significant difference in GHQ scores. These results are discussed in relation to the methodological shortcomings of research in the area as a whole. 相似文献
158.
Liberal theories of social justicefocus predominantly on the national, ratherthan international, level, and where they doaddress
international concerns they insist thatprinciples of justice at the national levelhave priority over principles at theinternational
level. We question the coherenceof this arrangement, given liberal theory'scommitment to moral equality of persons as suchrather
than to that of particular sets of persons. What isat issue is whether liberal theory can providea coherent basis for international
justice atall. If it is to do so, we suggest that it mustbe prepared to theorise beyond the nationstate, and to take a historical
perspectivewhich takes into account the ways in whichcolonial power and exploitation have given riseto the problems of international
justice weface today.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
159.
Phil Reed 《Applied cognitive psychology》2019,33(2):265-271
The current study examined the effects of a brief mindfulness induction on overselectivity. Participants were randomly assigned to a mindfulness, unfocused attention (relaxation), or no‐intervention group. Participants experienced their designated intervention for 10 min, and they underwent simultaneous discrimination training (AB+ CD?) followed by an extinction test (AvC, AvD, BvC, and BvD). Levels of mindfulness were measured by the Toronto Mindfulness Scale, and participants were asked about their previous experience with mediation and mindfulness practice. Mindfulness reduced overselectivity, and previous levels of mindfulness experience identified by a single question moderated this effect, with mindful‐experienced participants showing less overselectivity. Both findings have some practical utility in the ongoing investigation of the possible use of mindfulness in medical settings. 相似文献
160.
Phil D. Liu Kevin K.H. Chung Catherine McBride-Chang Xiuhong Tong 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2010,107(4):466-478
Among 30 Hong Kong Chinese fourth graders, sensitivities to character and word constructions were examined in judgment tasks at each level. There were three conditions across both tasks: the real condition, consisting of either actual two-character compound Chinese words or real Chinese compound characters; the reversed condition, with either the order of the two morphemes in the word or the order of the semantic and phonetic radicals in the character reversed; and the random condition, with either two morphemes randomly combined to create arbitrary nonwords or a semantic radical and a phonetic radical randomly combined using correct orthographic rules to create noncharacters. On the word level, children performed worst in the reversed condition and best with real words, whereas on the character level, children performed worst in the random condition and best in the reversed condition. Findings imply a holistic tendency toward word-level processing and an analytic approach to character-level processing in these Chinese children. 相似文献