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41.
42.
Emma Ferneyhough Damian A. Stanley Elizabeth A. Phelps Marisa Carrasco 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2010,17(4):529-535
Faces are unlike other visual objects we encounter, in that they alert us to potentially relevant social information. Both
face processing and spatial attention are dominant in the right hemisphere of the human brain, with a stronger lateralization
in right- than in left-handers. Here, we demonstrate behavioral evidence for an effect of handedness on performance in tasks
using faces to direct attention. Nonpredictive, peripheral cues (faces or dots) directed exogenous attention to contrast-varying
stimuli (Gabor patches)—a tilted target, a vertical distractor, or both; observers made orientation discriminations on the
target stimuli. Whereas cuing with dots increased contrast sensitivity in both groups, cuing with faces increased contrast
sensitivity in right- but not in left-handers, for whom opposite hemifield effects resulted in no net increase. Our results
reveal that attention modulation by face cues critically depends on handedness and visual hemifield. These previously unreported
interactions suggest that such lateralized systems may be functionally connected. 相似文献
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44.
Phelps C Horrigan D Protheroe LK Hopkin J Jones W Murray A 《Journal of genetic counseling》2008,17(4):394-405
Many individuals receiving genetic counseling are healthy with no need for clinical cancer services. We have recently relocated
our cancer genetic clinic to a small house on the outskirts of a hospital site which incorporates many elements proven to
be important in creating a “well-being” environment. This study explored participants’ perceptions of such an environment.
Eleven semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with women who had attended the new cancer genetic clinic. All
were at high risk of familial cancer, five were gene carriers and three had a personal diagnosis of cancer. The new clinic
was perceived to be less medical and more relaxing than other clinics, encouraged other family members to attend in support
of the attendee and did not appear to impede information comprehension. The importance of not being made to feel like an ill
patient was apparent. A desire for a quiet area allowing time for reflection whilst waiting for, and following, counseling
was identified. A poorly designed counseling area could reduce the quality of the interaction between patient and counselor.
Consideration of specific environmental design features may promote individuals’ well-being and make those attending genetic
counseling feel less like “patients.” Larger studies should seek to explore further the potential associations between factors
such as environmental design, psychological well-being and comprehension of risk information. 相似文献
45.
Schiller D Cain CK Curley NG Schwartz JS Stern SA Ledoux JE Phelps EA 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2008,15(6):394-402
Fear responses can be eliminated through extinction, a procedure involving the presentation of fear-eliciting stimuli without aversive outcomes. Extinction is believed to be mediated by new inhibitory learning that acts to suppress fear expression without erasing the original memory trace. This hypothesis is supported mainly by behavioral data demonstrating that fear can recover following extinction. However, a recent report by Myers and coworkers suggests that extinction conducted immediately after fear learning may erase or prevent the consolidation of the fear memory trace. Since extinction is a major component of nearly all behavioral therapies for human fear disorders, this finding supports the notion that therapeutic intervention beginning very soon after a traumatic event will be more efficacious. Given the importance of this issue, and the controversy regarding immediate versus delayed therapeutic interventions, we examined two fear recovery phenomena in both rats and humans: spontaneous recovery (SR) and reinstatement. We found evidence for SR and reinstatement in both rats and humans even when extinction was conducted immediately after fear learning. Thus, our data do not support the hypothesis that immediate extinction erases the original memory trace, nor do they suggest that a close temporal proximity of therapeutic intervention to the traumatic event might be advantageous. 相似文献
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47.
David Crundall Peter Chapman Emma France Geoffrey Underwood Nicola Phelps 《Applied cognitive psychology》2005,19(4):409-420
Efficient deployment of attention is important to the safe execution of tasks with a high content of visual information, such as driving. Chasing a lead vehicle is an extremely demanding and dangerous task, though little is known of the visual skills required. A study is reported that recorded the eye movements of police drivers and two control groups (novices and age‐ and experienced‐ matched controls) while watching a series of video clips of driving. The clips included pursuits, emergency response drives, and control drives (at normal speeds) around Nottinghamshire, UK. Analysis of gaze durations within certain categories of stimuli revealed that daytime pursuit drives correspond with an increase in gaze durations on a lead car (controlled for exposure), though police drivers direct their attention to other sources of potential hazards, such as pedestrians, more so than other drivers. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
48.
Emotion strengthens the subjective experience of recollection. However, these vivid and confidently remembered emotional memories may not necessarily be more accurate. We investigated whether the subjective sense of recollection for negative stimuli is coupled with enhanced memory accuracy for contextual details using the remember/know paradigm. Our results indicate a double-dissociation between the subjective feeling of remembering, and the objective memory accuracy for details of negative and neutral scenes. "Remember" judgments were boosted for negative relative to neutral scenes. In contrast, memory for contextual details and associative binding was worse for negative compared to neutral scenes given a "remember" response. These findings show that the enhanced subjective recollective experience for negative stimuli does not reliably indicate greater objective recollection, at least of the details tested, and thus may be driven by a different mechanism than the subjective recollective experience for neutral stimuli. 相似文献
49.
The present study is based on the premise that the integration of ethnic minorities may involve more than the majority's expression of tolerance. In order to promote inclusion, the majority may have to play a more active role in the integration process. We describe the development and validation of a new psychometric scale which assesses majority members' attitudes toward their own proactive contribution to the integration of immigrants within three domains: cultural and structural efforts, and openness to diversity. The scale is investigated by analyses of internal structure and exploration of construct validity in relation to relevant social psychological and personality constructs in a sample of 486 Norwegian university students (28% male, mean age = 26.5, SD = 6.08). Factor analyses supported a unidimensional structure and the estimated reliability of an additive scale was satisfactory (Cronbach's α = 0.91). The scale correlated negatively with measures of right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation, and positively with global identity. It was weakly related to the personality traits agreeableness, intellect, extraversion, and conscientiousness. The potential utility of the scale in both applied and experimental social psychological studies are discussed. 相似文献
50.
This study compared fear learning acquired through direct experience (Pavlovian conditioning) and fear learning acquired without direct experience via either observation or verbal instruction. We examined whether these three types of learning yielded differential responses to conditioned stimuli (CS+) that were presented unmasked (available to explicit awareness) or masked (not available to explicit awareness). In the Pavlovian group, the CS+ was paired with a mild shock, whereas the observational-learning group learned through observing the emotional expression of a confederate receiving shocks paired with the CS+. The instructed-learning group was told that the CS+ predicted a shock. The three groups demonstrated similar levels of learning as measured by the skin conductance response to unmasked stimuli. As in previous studies, participants also displayed a significant learning response to masked stimuli following Pavlovian conditioning. However, whereas the observational-learning group also showed this effect, the instructed-learning group did not. 相似文献