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901.
Peter W. Hanks 《Synthese》2007,154(1):121-146
In 1913 Wittgenstein raised an objection to Russell’s multiple relation theory of judgment that eventually led Russell to
abandon his theory. As he put it in the Tractatus, the objection was that “the correct explanation of the form of the proposition, ‘A makes the judgement p’, must show that
it is impossible for a judgement to be a piece of nonsense. (Russell’s theory does not satisfy this requirement,” (5.5422).
This objection has been widely interpreted to concern type restrictions on the constituents of judgment. I argue that this
interpretation is mistaken and that Wittgenstein’s objection is in fact a form of the problem of the unity of the proposition. 相似文献
902.
Peter Carruthers 《The Journal of Ethics》2007,11(3):275-297
This paper argues that navigating insects and spiders possess a degree of mindedness that makes them appropriate (in the sense
of “possible”) objects of sympathy and moral concern. For the evidence suggests that many invertebrates possess a belief-desire-planning
psychology that is in basic respects similar to our own. The challenge for ethical theory is find some principled way of demonstrating
that individual insects do not make moral claims on us, given the widely held belief that some other “higher” animals do make such claims on us. 相似文献
903.
This article presents the first systematic test of the attention-allocation model for alcohol-related aggression. According to this model, alcohol has a "myopic" effect on attentional capacity that presumably facilitates aggression by focusing attention on more salient provocative, rather than less salient inhibitory, cues in hostile situations. Aggression was assessed using a laboratory task in which mild electric shocks were received from, and administered to, a fictitious opponent. Study 1 demonstrated that a moderate-load cognitive distractor suppressed aggression in intoxicated subjects (to levels even lower than those exhibited by a placebo control group). Study 2 assessed how varying the magnitude of a distracting cognitive load affected aggression in the alcohol and placebo conditions. Results indicated that the moderate-load distraction used in Study 1 (i.e., holding four elements in sequential order in working memory) suppressed aggression best. Cognitive loads of larger and smaller magnitudes were not successful in attenuating aggression. 相似文献
904.
Kristin R. Egemo‐Helm Raymond G. Miltenberger Peter Knudson Nicholas Finstrom Candice Jostad Brigitte Johnson 《Behavioral Interventions》2007,22(2):99-119
The current study evaluated a behavioral skills training (BST) program in combination with in situ training to teach sexual abuse prevention skills to five women with mild to moderate mental retardation. In situ assessments were conducted following BST and in situ training sessions were conducted for those who were unable to demonstrate the skills in the natural setting. The results showed that generalization of the safety skills to the natural setting occurred for three of the five participants following one to two in situ training sessions. One participant required 12 in situ training sessions and three booster training sessions to reach criterion level. Three of four participants assessed 1 month following training maintained the skills. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
905.
Sahakyan L Delaney PF Waldum ER 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2008,34(2):408-414
Three experiments evaluated whether the magnitude of the list-method directed forgetting effect is strength dependent. Throughout these studies, items were strengthened via operations thought to increase context strength (spaced presentations) or manipulations thought to increment the item strength without affecting the context strength (processing time and processing depth). The assumptions regarding which operations enhance item and context strength were based on the "one-shot" hypothesis of context storage (K. J. Malmberg & R. M. Shiffrin, 2005). The results revealed greater directed forgetting of strong items compared with weak items, but only when strength was varied via spaced presentations (Experiment 3). Equivalent directed forgetting was observed for strong and weak items when strengthening operations increased item strength without affecting the context strength (Experiments 1 and 2). These results supported the context hypothesis of directed forgetting (L. Sahakyan & C. M. Kelley, 2002). 相似文献
906.
Delamater AR Holland PC 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》2008,34(2):202-222
Four experiments examined the effects of varying the conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus (CS-US) interval (and US density) on learning in an appetitive magazine approach task with rats. Learning was assessed with conditioned response (CR) measures, as well as measures of sensory-specific stimulus-outcome associations (Pavlovian-instrumental transfer, potentiated feeding, and US devaluation). The results from these studies indicate that there exists an inverse relation between CS-US interval and magazine approach CRs, but that sensory-specific stimulus-outcome associations are established over a wide range of relatively long, but not short, CS-US intervals. These data suggest that simple CR measures provide different information about what is learned than measures of the specific stimulus-outcome association, and that time is a more critical variable for the former than latter component of learning. 相似文献
907.
Peter A. Graham 《Philosophical Studies》2008,140(1):65-82
David Lewis has offered a reply to the standard argument for the claim that the truth of determinism is incompatible with
anyone’s being able to do otherwise than she in fact does. Helen Beebee has argued that Lewis’s compatibilist strategy is
untenable. In this paper I show that one recent attempt to defend Lewis’s view against this argument fails and then go on
to offer my own defense of Lewis’s view.
相似文献
Peter A. GrahamEmail: |
908.
Joeri Hofmans Peter Theuns 《The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology》2008,61(2):401-413
Two functional measurement studies were conducted to test the effect of two types of end anchors on the linearity of Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) data. With the first type of end anchors, participants responded to the stimuli using a VAS with predefined end anchors. With the second type, respondents defined the end anchors in terms of their own assumptions, perceptions, goals and values. The results show that VASs can be considered as linear scales and that the type of end anchors used has no effect on the linearity of the VAS data. 相似文献
909.
Peter Warr 《Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology》2008,81(4):751-775
Employment‐related values were recorded at two levels of scope: perceived importance of the work‐role and of particular job characteristics. Associations with workers' sex, age, employment status, and education level were significant. Work values also differed among countries with a different cultural heritage – historically catholic, historically communist, or historically protestant. Implications for research into job content and reactions and for evaluative judgments in the operation of traits, motives, and attitudes were considered. 相似文献
910.
Decision making is a core competence for animals and humans acting and surviving in environments they only partially comprehend,
gaining rewards and punishments for their troubles. Decision-theoretic concepts permeate experiments and computational models
in ethology, psychology, and neuroscience. Here, we review a well-known, coherent Bayesian approach to decision making, showing
how it unifies issues in Markovian decision problems, signal detection psychophysics, sequential sampling, and optimal exploration
and discuss paradigmatic psychological and neural examples of each problem. We discuss computational issues concerning what
subjects know about their task and how ambitious they are in seeking optimal solutions; we address algorithmic topics concerning
model-based and model-free methods for making choices; and we highlight key aspects of the neural implementation of decision
making. 相似文献