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851.
Two experiments examined the role of numerical distance in updating numerical information in working memory. In the first
experiment, participants had to memorize a new number only when it was smaller than a previously memorized number. In the
second experiment, updating was based on an external signal, which removed the need to perform any numerical comparison. In
both experiments, distance between the memorized number and the new one was manipulated. The results showed that smaller distances
between the new and the old information led to shorter updating times. This graded facilitation suggests that the process
by which information is substituted in the focus of attention involves maintaining the shared features between the new and
the old number activated and selecting other new features to be activated. Thus, the updating cost may be related to amount
of new features to be activated in the focus of attention. 相似文献
852.
Studies of recognition typically involve tests in which the participant’s memory for a stimulus is directly questioned. There
are occasions however, in which memory occurs more spontaneously (e.g., an acquaintance seeming familiar out of context).
Spontaneous recognition was investigated in a novel paradigm involving study of pictures and words followed by recognition
judgments on stimuli with an old or new word superimposed over an old or new picture. Participants were instructed to make
their recognition decision on either the picture or word and to ignore the distracting stimulus. Spontaneous recognition was
measured as the influence of old vs. new distracters on target recognition. Across two experiments, older adults and younger
adults placed under divided-attention showed a greater tendency to spontaneously recognize old distracters as compared to
full-attention younger adults. The occurrence of spontaneous recognition is discussed in relation to ability to constrain
retrieval to goal-relevant information. 相似文献
853.
This study investigates the importance of vowel diacritics for the retention of Hebrew word lists, with word lists being manipulated
along the dimension of word frequency and syllabic length. Eighty university students participated in the study. Half of the
participants (40) were tested with the word lists presented in fully-pointed (voweled) Hebrew while the other half (40) were
given the word lists in unpointed Hebrew (with vowel diacritics removed). Analyses of each group’s recall rates and recall-order
accuracy indicate that, overall, the presence of vowel diacritics had no facilitating effect on the participants’ quantitative
and qualitative Short Term Memory (STM) performance. This was found to be true whether word frequency (high vs. medium to
low) or syllabic length (mono vs. trisyllabic) were computed as within-subject factors. Attempts to adequately interpret the
absence of a pointing effect on STM performance based upon Orthographic Depth Hypothesis (ODH) and Grain Size Theory (GST)
proved unfruitful. The authors propose an adaptation of the GST to the peculiarities of Hebrew orthography and discuss a morphology-centered
grain-size theory (MGST). 相似文献
854.
In three experiments, we examined the mechanisms by which prior experience with proactive interference (PI) diminished its
effects. Cued recall tasks conforming to an A–B, A–D paradigm were used to induce PI effects. Experiment 1 showed that reduced
PI was not due to a reduction in attention to the source of PI. Experiment 2 revealed that participants’ awareness of PI effects
on memory performance increased with experience, resulting in a shift in encoding processes. Experiment 3 demonstrated that
changes in encoding provided additional support for recollection that further enhanced participants’ ability to constrain
their retrieval processing to the appropriate source of information at the time of test. These results can be interpreted
as showing that experience with PI enhances awareness of its effects and allows individuals to adjust their learning and retrieval
strategies to compensate for such effects. 相似文献
855.
University of Colorado (CU) students were tested on memory for the “CU Fight Song” in order to examine serial position effects
in semantic memory while controlling for familiarity across positions. In Experiment 1, students reconstructed the order of the nine lines of the song. Students with previous exposure to the song performed better
and showed a more bowed serial position function than did students with no knowledge of the song. Experiment 2 added a task assessing memory of item information. One word was removed and replaced with a blank in each line, and an alternative
word was offered as an option, along with the correct word. Students selected the word that fit into each blank and then reconstructed
the order of the lines. There was a bow-shaped curve for order reconstruction, but not for item selection, which implies that
the serial position function in semantic memory stems from order, rather than item, information. 相似文献
856.
In three experiments, we investigated metacognitive monitoring in a variant of an A–B A–C learning paradigm in which the repetition of cues, but not targets, led to increasing proactive interference (PI) across trials. Judgments of learning (JOLs) correctly predicted decreases across trials in this paradigm but incorrectly continued to predict decreases on a final release trial in which new cues were introduced and performance consequently increased. Experience with the paradigm did not ameliorate this metacognitive failure (Experiment 3). In addition, JOLs decreased equally for pairs with repeated and with novel cue terms, even though recall of the latter group of items did not decrease across trials (Experiment 2). These results suggest that metacognizers’ naïve theories of remembering and forgetting include a role for global, but not cue-specific, interference. 相似文献
857.
Categories are learned and used in a variety of ways, but the research focus has been on classification learning. Recent work
contrasting classification with inference learning of categories found important later differences in category performance.
However, theoretical accounts differ on whether this is due to an inherent difference between the tasks or to the implementation
decisions. The inherent-difference explanation argues that inference learners focus on the internal structure of the categories—what
each category is like—while classification learners focus on diagnostic information to predict category membership. In two
experiments, using real-world categories and controlling for earlier methodological differences, inference learners learned
more about what each category was like than did classification learners, as evidenced by higher performance on a novel classification
test. These results suggest that there is an inherent difference between learning new categories by classifying an item versus
inferring a feature. 相似文献
858.
In three experiments, we used face–name learning to examine the puzzling feedback delay benefit—the tendency for feedback to be more effective when it is delayed rather than presented immediately. In Experiment 1, we found that feedback presented after a 3-s blank screen was more effective than feedback presented immediately, even after
controlling for the exposure time to the material. In Experiment 2, we replicated the benefit of a feedback delay even when participants were given extra time to view the feedback or to try
to retrieve the answer, indicating that this benefit is specific to a delay before feedback. Finally, in Experiment 3, we showed that the 3-s delay is beneficial only if it involves a blank screen, not if the delay is filled with an unrelated
distracter task. These results suggest that the feedback delay benefit in this paradigm could arise from an active anticipatory
process that occurs during the delay. 相似文献
859.
Computational accounts of reading aloud largely ignore context when stipulating how processing unfolds. One exception to this
state of affairs proposes adjusting the breadth of lexical knowledge in such models in response to differing contexts. Three
experiments and corresponding simulations, using Coltheart, Rastle, Perry, Langdon, and Ziegler’s (2001) dual-route cascaded model, are reported. This work investigates a determinant of when a pseudohomophone such as brane is affected by the frequency of the word from which it is derived (e.g., the base word frequency of brain) by examining performance under conditions where it is read aloud faster than a nonword control such as frane. Reynolds and Besner’s (2005a) lexical breadth account makes the novel prediction that when a pseudohomophone advantage is seen, there will also be a base
word frequency effect, provided exception words are also present. This prediction was confirmed. Five other accounts of this
pattern of results are considered and found wanting. It is concluded that the lexical breadth account provides the most parsimonious
account to date of these and related findings. 相似文献
860.
This article is concerned with how information about time and position in a sequence is represented in short-term memory and
expressed in the dynamics of serial recall. Temporal-distinctiveness theories of memory predict that isolating a list item
in time will improve recall accuracy for that item. Although the majority of research in short-term memory has failed to demonstrate
a temporal isolation effect (TIE), there are occasions on which a TIE is observed. The disparity in results has been explained
by assuming that participants can adaptively weight temporal and nontemporal information at retrieval, with differences between
experiments promoting or discouraging reliance on time as a source of episodic information. A particular focus of the present
study is the finding that the TIE is substantially observed in standard serial recall only when participants are instructed
to group the list into minisequences. The findings of two experiments using instructed grouping replicated this effect but
showed that it is attributable to a longer gap at the group boundary enhancing the positive effect of grouping on recall accuracy.
These results show that the hierarchical representations usually associated with temporal grouping are also elicited by instructed
grouping but that an additional and nonspecific benefit to recall obtains from lengthening the pause between groups. An additional
role for time is identified in the timing of responses: The dynamics of input sequences tend to be mirrored in output sequences
for ungrouped lists, whereas the primacy pattern in grouped lists is for a longer duration to speed access to the following
group when that duration occurs at an instructed group boundary. 相似文献