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981.
Bibace R 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2008,42(1):76-86
My response to Engelmann (2008) will be based on several questions that will allow both its author and the general reader to determine whether the assumptions I make as an interpreter of this complex paper are congruent or incongruent with their own interpretations of the text. The interpretations by the writer, by any commentator, and the diverse interpretations of a general audience together with my own interpretations will, I hope, facilitate some fruitful ‘comparative evaluations.’ I articulate my inferences of the most dense part of the paper, namely the ‘concrete immediate Consciousness and the developing absent outside.’ My hope is to address Engelmann’s question: “Am I in a better disposition to judge modern theories of consciousness?” The last section of my response spells out more personal comments to my all too brief and single encounter with Arno Engelmann. It is there that Arno Engelmann’s fascinating statement “I am a citizen of the world” is addressed through its counterparts in my life. 相似文献
982.
Abbas Abdollahi Per Carlbring 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2017,35(3):223-239
Suicide is a serious and growing public health problem and remains an unnecessary cause of death globally. In Iran, the highest prevalence of acute and chronic suicidal ideation is among young people aged 16–24. This study investigates the relationship between coping style, two types of perfectionism, and suicidal ideation among undergraduates, and examines coping style as a moderator of the relationship between perfectionism and suicidal ideation. Multi-stage cluster random sampling was employed to recruit 547 undergraduate students aged 19–24 years from the Islamic Azad University of Karaj. Structural Equation Modelling indicated that suicidal ideation was negatively associated with adaptive perfectionism and task-focused coping but positively associated with emotion-focused coping, avoidance coping, and maladaptive perfectionism. Coping style (including the three styles of task-focused, emotion-focused, and avoidance coping) was found to moderate the relationship between perfectionism and suicidal ideation. The study advances understanding of the importance of coping style in this context and explains how perfectionism affects suicidal ideation. 相似文献
983.
Becker SP Luebbe AM Stoppelbein L Greening L Fite PJ 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2012,40(4):527-542
Competing hypotheses for explaining the role of anxiety in the relation between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
symptoms and childhood aggression were evaluated. Two studies tested whether anxiety exacerbated, attenuated, or had no effect
on the relation between ADHD and aggression subtypes among psychiatrically hospitalized children. In Study 1 (N = 99), children who scored above clinical cut-off levels for anxiety only, ADHD only, and co-occurring ADHD and anxiety were
compared on aggression subtypes (i.e., reactive, proactive, overt, and relational aggression). In Study 2, the moderating
role of anxiety on the relation between ADHD and aggression subtypes was examined with a larger sample (N = 265) and with continuous variables. No support was found for either the attenuation or exacerbation hypothesis, and results
remained consistent when separately examining hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention symptoms of ADHD. Although ADHD symptoms
were significantly associated with all aggression subtypes, this association did not remain when including symptoms of oppositional
defiant disorder. 相似文献
984.
The study of spatial frequency is being used increasingly often to investigate processes underlying visual word recognition. However, research in this area has adopted techniques that require the physical deformation of word targets used in experiments (e.g., filtered images of words, words embedded in visual noise), and this approach may limit the inferences that can be made about the role of spatial frequencies in normal word recognition. Spatial frequency adaptation is described in this article as an additional technique for studying the role of spatial frequency information in word recognition. The advantage of this technique is that it alters participants' sensitivity to particular spatial frequencies and so allows the study of spatial frequency involvement in word recognition using normal images of word stimuli. The application of the adaptation technique to studies of word recognition is explained in detail and its potential is then demonstrated by an example word recognition experiment in which spatial frequency adaptation was used. 相似文献
985.
New Caledonian crows are the most proficient non-hominin tool manufacturers but the cognition behind their remarkable skills
remains largely unknown. Here we investigate if they attend to the functional properties of the tools that they routinely
use in the wild. Pandanus tools have natural barbs along one edge that enable them to function as hooking implements when
the barbs face backwards from the working tip. In experiment 1 we presented eight crows with either a non-functional (‘upside-down’)
or a functional pandanus tool in a baited hole. Four of the crows never flipped the tools. The behaviour of the four flipping
birds suggested that they had a strategy of flipping a tool when it was not working. Observations of two of the eight crows
picking up pandanus tools at feeding tables in the wild supported the lack of attention to barb direction. In experiment 2
we gave six of the eight crows a choice of either a barbed or a barbless pandanus tool. Five of the crows chose tools at random,
which further supported the findings in experiment 1 that the crows paid little or no attention to the barbs. In contrast,
a third experiment found that seven out of eight crows flipped non-functional stick tools significantly more than functional
ones. Our findings indicate that the crows do not consistently attend to the presence or orientation of barbs on pandanus
tools. Successful pandanus tool use in the wild seems to rely on behavioural strategies formed through associative learning,
including procedural knowledge about the sequence of operations required to make a successful pandanus tool.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
986.
The present study compared the use of defense mechanisms in ten bipolar manic, ten bipolar depressed and ten unipolar depressed
patients. The defense mechanisms were assessed by two methods: TAT stories scored by Defense Mechanism Manual and Defense
Mechanism Rating Scale ratings of psychodynamic interviews. The severity of symptoms was assessed by Beck Depression Inventory
for depressed patients and Young’s Manic Rating Scale for manic patients. Both bipolar manic and depressed groups used the
defense mechanism of denial, borderline level defenses and immature defenses significantly more than the unipolar depression
group. The manic group showed greater dependence on narcissistic level defenses as compared to the other two groups. Positive
relationships were found between severity of manic symptoms and the defense mechanisms of denial as well as the narcissistic
level defenses. The bipolar depression group also used more action level defenses as compared to the unipolar depression group.
The unipolar depression group scored higher on the defense mechanism of identification and adaptive level defenses as compared
to the manic group. A negative correlation was found between the severity of depressive symptoms for unipolar depression group
and the defense mechanism of identification. The neurotic level defenses were used most frequently by unipolar depression
group, followed by the bipolar depression group and manic group. Some of these findings are in consonance with the psychoanalytic
understanding of mania and depression. 相似文献
987.
The psychometric properties of the 18-item circadian type inventory (CTI) were examined in a non-shiftwork sample. Inter-item correlations for each scale were low to moderate. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) via structural equation modelling did not support the posited structure of the CTI. Principal components analysis and reliability analyses suggested the CTI is better represented by 11-items. The revised five item FR scale accounted for 27% of the variance, had stronger factor loadings and increased Cronbach alpha. The psychometric properties of the six item LV scale were marginally improved and explained 21% of the variance. The two-factor 11-item model was supported by CFA. Compared to the 18-item model, the 11-item model showed a marked improvement on several incremental fit indices and achieved a more parsimonious model fit. There was some indication of gender differences but a multi-group CFA indicated model parsimony was best for the invariant model. Gender difference needs to be further examined in large samples using a similar gender balance. It is concluded that the 11-item CTI is psychometrically superior to the original. However, its predictive efficacy needs to be examined in longitudinal studies. 相似文献
988.
Educational inequalities may be derived from differential teacher expectations toward students from different backgrounds. Such expectations may be associated with stereotypical beliefs and attitudes, which guide behavior and judgments. Although ample research is available concerning differential teacher attitudes based on student ethnicity, few studies have considered the effect of the educational level of the parents. The aim of the current study was to investigate teachers’ implicit and explicit attitudes toward students with differentially educated parents. Implicit attitudes were measured using an implicit association task (IAT). The first name of the student was used as a proxy for the educational level of parents, whereby we created separate versions for boys and girls. Participants were randomly divided in two groups, whereby the first group completed the IAT-boys version and the other group the IAT-girls version. Explicit attitudes were measured using a questionnaire. Participants indicated positive implicit attitudes toward students with highly educated parents, independent of the gender of the student. Teachers did not express differential explicit beliefs regarding the learning and social behaviors of students based on the educational level of the parents, and their expectations concerning the motivation and ambitions or educational chances of these students were neutral. The dissociation between implicit and explicit attitudes may be an indication of the social sensitivity of the relationship between students’ social background and educational achievements and opportunities. Especially implicit attitudes may account for differences in teacher behaviors toward different groups of students and in turn their educational opportunities, and could therefore partly account for consistent findings of educational inequalities based on the social status of families. 相似文献
989.
Donald Capps 《Pastoral Psychology》2007,55(5):551-569
This article takes up William James’ observation that Saint Augustine is “a classic example” of the discordant personality
or divided self, and employs E. R. Dodd’s equally classic (1927–28) article on Augustine’s “spiritual maladjustment” to explore
the psychological bases, especially parental, for Augustine’s discordant personality, and to evaluate the effectiveness of
Augustine’s efforts to overcome the discordancy through a personal religious conversion. 相似文献
990.