中晚明阳明学的格物之辩

对《大学》中“格物”观念的不同理解与诠释,可以反映朱子学与阳明学这理学传统两大典范的基本差异。但中晚明阳明学“格物”观念的发展却呈现出较为复杂的面貌。由中晚明不同阳明学者的格物之辩可见,中晚明阳明学的“格物”观表现为两种不同的取向。一种以聂双江、王宗沐、王艮以及刘蕺山等人为代表,将“格物”完全收缩到自我意识的领域,不免取消了“格物”这一经典用语本身所具有的面对客观事物的致思方向。另一种以王龙溪、周海门、欧阳南野、王塘南等人为代表,通过将“物”理解为意向性中的对象或者作为各种实际生活行为的“事”,使“格物”工夫不再是一种单纯自我意识的孤立活动,而是展开于自我与外界事物的关系结构与互动过程。在后者看来,如果说朱子学的“格物”“忘内求外”而不免“逐物”的话,前者则又“务内遗外”而不免“绝物”。作为一种既不“逐物”又不“绝物”的“合内外”工夫,后者其实是阳明晚年成熟“格物”思想的继承和发扬,反映了阳明学在与朱子学互动过程中由反对到吸收的动向。并且,这一动向在中晚明一些朱子学者的“格物”观处也有鲜明的体现。     

Consociated Contemporaries as an Emergent Realm of the Lifeworld: Extending Schutz's Phenomenological Analysis to Cyberspace

According to the differences in the spatial-temporal co-location of human individuals, Alfred Schutz divided the contemporaneous lifeworld into two major realms: the realm of consociates made up of individuals sharing a community of space and a community of time, and the realm of contemporaries made up of individuals sharing neither a community of space nor a community of time. Extending Schutz's phenomenological analysis to cyberspace, this paper delineates an emergent third realm – the realm of consociated contemporaries, in which individuals share a community of time without sharing a community of space. A central argument of this paper is that the emergence of this social domain in cyberspace reconfigures the structure of the lifeworld by creating a new spatial-temporal condition of human contact, which gives rise to a new mode of human interaction and a new form of human relationship. The revolution of electronic communication is therefore a revolution of the ways in which human individuals come to construct we-relationships with one another in shared meaning contexts.     

新的健康标准需要新的卫生模式

Engel的医学模式是基于健康内容的定性指标,是针对病态层次的生物-心理-社会医疗模式,因此尚不能改变心身分裂的公共卫生现状.卫生模式应是基于超常态-正常态-亚健康态-病态四种健康状态的定量指标,包括消费医学-保健医学-预防医学-临床治疗四种卫生模式.生物-心理-社会医学都需要这四种卫生模式.     

《吕氏春秋》道德心理思想探析

《吕氏春秋》包含有丰富的道德心理思想。它对构成个体道德心理的各因素、赏罚的作用、个体道德修养的途径,以及影响个体道德的众多社会因素都有深刻的认识与精辟的见解,值得今人借鉴。     

孟子论牛羊之别新解

《孟子·梁惠王》所记载的一个故事中的牛与羊的区别 ,可以用结构主义符号学的方法来思考。在这个故事中 ,齐宣王用“以羊易牛”的策略解决了既不能杀牛又不能废衅钟之礼的两难抉择。从结构主义符号学的角度来看 ,这里的牛羊之别 ,是经验中的有生命的动物牛与语言中的无生命的羊概念之间的区别。齐宣王以羊易牛的实质 ,是用一个没有生命的羊概念替换了一头有生命的动物牛。牛羊之别代表了经验和语言的区别 ,这正是中国传统哲学与西方后现代哲学的根本区别。     

因果错觉的实验研究

本研究分别从可控情境和不可控情境两方面探讨了在工具性条件反射中,人对因果关系的认知的特点。结果发现：1．在可控情境下。延迟反馈可能导致被试的因果错觉;2、在不可控情境下,被试同样表现出因果错觉：迷信和控制幻觉,并且这种现象具有一定的普遍性;3、提供恰当的外部线索能有效地帮助被试消除已经形成的因果错觉。     

评价中心测评的评分误差分析研究

本研究应用概化理论对评价中心中的评分误差控制问题进行了系统的分析探讨,得出了以下研究结论：(1)总体上,在评价中心(以LGD为例)测评中,评价员对研究设计的测评维度的评分基本反映了被试的真实能力水平,测量误差较小;(2)评价员对合作能力、应变能力和总体印象等维度的评价标准的理解具有较高的一致性,但对决策能力等维度的评价标准的理解存在一定的偏差;(3)在评价中心(以LGD为例)测评中,采用4名评价员能达到预期的测量目标,符合测评应用的经济性、有效性原则。     

基于认知理论的多媒体教学界面设计研究

本文主要介绍与多媒体教学相关的多媒体学习认知理沦、认知负荷理沦和多媒体对学习效应的整合模型．以及介绍在这些理论和相关研究的基础上建立的多媒体教学界面的心理学设计原则。     

人际关系感知影响记忆从众

采用记忆再认范式,通过词组再认任务(实验一)和图形偏好选择任务(实验二)操纵同伴赞同率,诱发对不同赞同率下人际关系的感知,探索感知到的人际关系对个体记忆从众的影响。两个实验一致发现,被试对高赞同率的同伴更为信任、与他们的关系也更为亲密;更重要的是,被试的回忆也与高赞同率同伴的记忆更为一致(即回忆更为从众),具体表现为,同伴判断正确时,被试的词组再认正确率更高,同伴判断错误时,被试的词组再认正确率更低。实验二还发现,被试与同伴一起回忆时的正确率要低于被试单独回忆的正确率,从众倾向降低了被试的记忆准确度。本研究表明,情境诱发的短期人际关系的变化会影响记忆从众;回忆不单纯是一个基本认知过程,它可以受到社会关系、社会认知的调节。     

Response readiness modulates the development of association-based automaticity in masked priming

The current study investigated the role of the automatization of stimulus and response (S-R) associations and response readiness in triggering the motor activation for masked primes in two experiments. The automatization of associations was manipulated by employing different types of stimuli, and response readiness was manipulated by varying the relative frequency of Go trials in a modified Go/No-Go task. Compatibility (compatible and incompatible), stimulus type (arrows and parallel lines), and test session (Sessions 1, 2, and 3) were manipulated in a high response-readiness condition (Experiment 1) and in a low response-readiness condition (Experiment 2). Negative compatibility effects (NCEs) occurred regardless of session and experiment in the arrow stimuli condition. However, in the parallel-line stimuli condition, no significant compatibility effect (CE) appeared regardless of the experiment in Sessions 1 and 2, whereas a significant NCE appeared in Experiment 1 but not in Experiment 2 in Session 3. These results are consistent with the claim that motor activation can only occur if the association between specific stimuli and specific responses has been automatized by previous practice, and response readiness can modulate the development of automaticity, but this modulation will have a minimal effect once the association is automatized. The findings also provide experimental evidence for the assumption that the formation of association-based automaticity could be modulated by top-down control (e.g., response readiness).