Evaluation of eye movement variables of Chinese and American readers

Eye movements were recorded while competent readers of English and Chinese read in their respective languages. There were no important differences in oculometric patterns of fixation pause durations for Chinese and American readers, suggesting that cognitive aspects of reading are more important than perceptual ones in determining eye movement patterns and fixation pauses of competent readers. An analysis of undershoot saccades associated with return of the eyes from the end of one line to the beginning of the next line suggests that these occur more frequently during reading than during the performance of similar eye movements that are more perceptually determined, however, the amount of undershoot does not discriminate between readers of alphabetic and logographic texts.     

恐惧情绪对大鼠学习记忆的影响

通过对４组不同处理背景动物操作条件学习的实验研究,观察强噪音下恐惧情绪对动物学习、记忆的影响以及怎样通过系统脱敏来减少恐惧在其中的作用。结果发现：恐惧组大鼠的操作条件学习具有第一次联系（健盘与食物之间）成功所需时间短、旧技能遗忘快、重新学习次数多和学习成绩差等特征;恐惧组大鼠与学习无关的恐惧行为增多,严重干扰学习的控制加工过程,影响学习任务完成;强噪音脱敏组大鼠学习过程、学习成绩的各项指标与控制组无差异。     

Leadership emergence in task groups with egalitarian gender-role expectations

Although they differ in their explanations of the antecedents of gender-role expectations, gender role and expectation states theories agree that mixed-sex and initially leaderless task groups will confirm these expectations by selectively reinforcing male task participation and leadership emergence. Based upon this assumption held in common by the two theories, we hypothesized that groups whose members expressed significantly egalitarian gender-role expectations would reinforce male and female task participation and leadership emergence impartially. Analysis of data from 31 mixed-sex groups whose members expressed significantly egalitarian gender-role expectations, and who were racially and ethnically homogeneous, found that males participated more in group discussions and were more likely to be selected as task leaders. Male advantages were explained only partly by token effects and their advantages in task resources. Implications are suggested for theories of male and female role performance in initially leaderless groups.     

主观轮廓和深度线索

一、问题的提出 轮廓是物体的外形线,它在视觉图形知觉中起着重要的作用。一般说来,引起轮廓的刺激,是视野中明度(或颜色)的突然变化。但是,有时在一片完全同质的视域中,人们也能看到轮廓。这种轮廓不是由于客观上的刺激梯度造成的,而是由于一系列其它因素造成的。这种轮廓叫主观轮廓,认知轮廓或错觉轮廓。     

Comparison of two group counseling approaches to enhancing confidence in planning careers by undecided Taiwanese college women

This is a report of research comparing two approaches to enhance the career confidence of undecided female college students. 30 women who requested enrollment in career counseling were assigned to two counseling groups (a cognitive reconstructing intervention group and a career decision-making skills training group) and one no-treatment control group based on time of request. After participating in the two career counseling groups for eight sessions in a month, the female college students rated their mean confidence as increased over that of the no-treatment group. Analysis indicated that the indecisive female college students benefitted from career group counseling with an emphasis on self-efficacy and that the cognitive reconstructing intervention was more effective.     

Culture, control, and perception of relationships in the environment

East Asian cognition has been held to be relatively holistic; that is, attention is paid to the field as a whole. Western cognition, in contrast, has been held to be object focused and control oriented. In this study East Asians (mostly Chinese) and Americans were compared on detection of covariation and field dependence. The results showed the following: (a) Chinese participants reported stronger association between events, were more responsive to differences in covariation, and were more confident about their covariation judgments; (b) these cultural differences disappeared when participants believed they had some control over the covariation judgment task; (c) American participants made fewer mistakes on the Rod-and-Frame Test, indicating that they were less field dependent; (d) American performance and confidence, but not that of Asians, increased when participants were given manual control of the test. Possible origins of the perceptual differences are discussed.     

儿童期虐待与成年后孤独感的关系:反刍思维与核心自我评价的中介作用

为考察儿童期虐待对成年后孤独感的影响机制,本研究基于反应风格理论和依恋理论,使用问卷随机调查了811名大学生。结果显示:(1)反刍思维在儿童期虐待与孤独感之间有显著中介作用;(2)核心自我评价在儿童期虐待对孤独感的影响中起显著中介作用;(3)核心自我评价与反刍思维在儿童期虐待与孤独感之间起显著连续中介作用。本研究的结果有助于揭示儿童期虐待对孤独感的影响机制,对抑制儿童期虐待的消极后果具有重要的启示意义。     

The Relationship Between Happiness and Consumption Expenditure: Evidence from Rural China

We use data from the 2016 China Labor-force Dynamics Survey (CLDS) to examine the relationship between happiness and consumption expenditure of rural farmers in China. A two-stage residual inclusion approach is applied to tackle the potential endogeneity issue of happiness. The empirical results show that a higher level of happiness is associated with an increase in consumption expenditure in general. Further analysis reveals that higher levels of happiness are positively and significantly associated with higher expenditures on basic living goods, education and gifts. We also find that both household income and access to the Internet boost happiness and increase consumption expenditure. Happiness plays a larger role in improving the consumption expenditure of rural households compared with their urban counterparts. Our findings may suggest that improving rural income via income diversification strategies and investing in rural information and communication technology infrastructures would encourage rural farmers’ happiness, promote the upgrading of rural consumption and boost sustainable economic growth.

     

父母教养方式与初中生网络受欺负行为的关系:一项追踪研究

以491名初中生为研究对象,对其网络受欺负行为进行为期2年的4次追踪测试,同时测试其父母教养方式。采用潜变量混合增长模型探讨初中生网络受欺负行为的多种发展轨迹,并分析父母教养方式的影响。结果发现：（1）在2年时间内,初中生网络受欺负行为呈显著下降趋势;（2）初中生网络受欺负行为存在两种下降趋势,即快速下降与慢速下降;（3）父亲拒绝、父亲过度保护与母亲拒绝这三种教养方式可增加两组初中生的网络受欺负行为,同时也可降低其网络受欺负行为的下降速度;（4）父亲情感温暖可显著预测快速下降组的初始水平和发展速度,母亲过度保护可显著预测慢速下降组的初始水平和发展速度,母亲情感温暖可显著负向预测慢速下降组的发展速度。上述结果证实父母教养方式对初中生网络受欺负行为发展轨迹的预测作用,支持了Kowalski网络欺负模型。     

On the Dialectical Disadvantage of the Normative Error Theorist: A Reply to Clipsham

Philosophia - In response to the companions in guilt arguments, some error theorists have tried to defend a nihilist thesis that there truly are no normative epistemic reasons to believe, and...