数学学习困难儿童的加工速度与工作记忆

以数学学习困难儿童为研究对象,系统考察了数学学习困难儿童与控制组的加工速度和工作记忆,比较了工作记忆和加工速度对数学学习困难影响的相对贡献.结果发现,与控制组相比,数学学习困难儿童在工作记忆和加工速度方面均存在明显的不足,但加工速度不能解释不同能力组之间的差异,数学学习困难儿童的缺陷在于工作记忆能力的下降.工作记忆缺陷在于数字工作记忆、视空间工作记忆和中央执行功能的整体不足,中央执行功能对数学学习困难儿童影响的解释量最大.     

RNA生命起源学说的佐证与思考

ＤＮＡ、ＲＮＡ和蛋白质是组成生物体的重要的生物大分子，但关于何者是生命的起源，至今众说纷纭。近来的研究表明，ＲＮＡ可能是生命的起源。本文简述了有关此学说的一些主要证据，并就其中的一些问题进行了讨论。     

李明彻考评

李明彻是清朝著名道士、学者。除冼玉清在20世纪50年代的一篇文章外,迄今学术界尚未对李明彻及其科学成就进行深入研究。对李明彻的相关文献进行了总结,并加以考证;对《圜天图说》进行了分类和统计。同时有一些新发现:《广东通志》中的所有绘图为李明彻绘制,而不是一般认为的舆地略7卷;朝斗台在李明彻科学研究过程中基本没起作用。有必要重新认识李明彻的成就,并做出客观的评价。     

Gender-Based Measurement Invariance of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents

The aim of this study was to evaluate the measurement invariance of the Chinese version of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (ERQ-CA; Gullone and Taffe (Psychological Assessment, 24(2), 409–417, 2011)) across gender. A total of 1388 Chinese adolescents (48.1% males), ranging in age from 11 to 16 years (M = 12.9, SD = 1.09) were recruited from four Chinese middle schools and completed the ERQ-CA. The Cronbach’s α values, omega coefficients, and item-total correlations for the two subscales of the ERQ-CA indicated adequate internal consistency reliability. The results of confirmatory factor analysis and multi-group confirmatory factor analysis revealed that all configural, metric, scalar, and partial strict invariance models provided acceptable fit to the data. The result of latent means analysis demonstrated statistically non-significant differences between boys and girls. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the ERQ-CA displays appropriate measurement invariance across gender for Chinese youth of ages 11 to 16.

     

"为什么没有出现学术大师":问题还是伪问题?

19世纪末和20世纪上半叶是中国现代学术的诞生时期,这是一个可以与先秦诸子百家媲美的第二个学术黄金时代.不但在文史和哲学领域,而且在科学领域,大师辈出,群星灿烂.由于众所周知的原因,这个黄金时代过早地结束了.改革开放30年来,我国哲学社会科学事业恢复生机,繁荣发展,学术出版物的数量以不亚于经济增长率的速度快速增长,各类评奖的优秀成果如雨后春笋般茁壮生长.     

离经叛道的“科学家”（一）

苏联解体后，人们精神空虚，社会上人心涣散，一片混乱。伪科学借此大行其道，一些不学无术的骗子，傲慢地夸夸其谈，以“新科学”的名义到处张扬，新闻媒体推波助澜。这些声称离经判道的“科学家”构成了俄罗斯近几年来，伪科学强大的、有组织的势力。     

从教化对象看马丹阳的传教特点

马钰(1123-1183),山东宁海人,初名从义,字宜甫,入全真道后,更名为钰,字玄宝,号丹阳子,小字山侗。王重阳的大弟子,全真教第二代教主,创立全真教遇仙派。丹阳的著作主要有诗词集———《渐悟集》、《洞玄金玉集》、《丹阳神光灿》。他既是一位宗教家,也是一位布道者、教化家。一生中,从学道、得道到布道的教化活动为全真教的创立、巩固和发展都做出了巨大贡献,积累了丰富的教化经验。中国古代的儒家教育从孔子到唐代之韩愈均建立在人性论基础上。基于对人性的不同认识,教育对象所囊括的范围也相应受到限制。孔子提出“有教无类”,不分贵贱贫富…     

Phonological storage and executive function deficits in children with mathematics difficulties

Children with mathematics difficulties suffer from working memory deficits. This study investigated the deficit profile of phonological storage and executive functions in working memory among children with mathematics difficulties. Based on multiple instruments and two assessment points, 68 children were screened out of 805 fifth graders. Of these 68 children, 18 were classified as children with only mathematics difficulties (MD), 20 were classified as children with mathematics and reading difficulties (MDRD), and 30 were typically developing (TD) peers matched on age and general ability. Measures for phonological storage, dual-task performance, inhibition, and updating of verbal and numerical materials were administered individually. Results showed that compared with the TD group, children with MD exhibited storage and inhibition deficits specific to numerical information and dual-task deficits of both verbal and numerical information, whereas children with MDRD showed extensive deficits on phonological storage and executive functions on both verbal and numerical tasks. Moreover, executive function deficits were not confined to phonological storage deficits. Implications of the findings for the working memory deficit profile and working memory training among children with mathematics difficulties were discussed.     

New perspective on job burnout: exploring the root cause beyond general antecedents analysis

Previous studies of job burnout are discussed and three types of job burnout are presented and compared. Various studies of job burnout were reviewed in terms of participants, burnout situation, and root cause. Next, the framework of job burnout antecedents was reformulated, including characteristics of organizations, work, and individuals. Three types of job burnout-organizational weakness-caused burnout, work weakness-caused burnout, and individual characteristic-caused burnout-were posited based on the root causes contributing to job burnout. Finally, the three subcomponents of job burnout were compared on availability, concealment, universality, severity, duration, diffusibility, and changeability. Root causes of job burnout should be attended to in job burnout research and intervention programs.     

Gender differences in children's arithmetic performance are accounted for by gender differences in language abilities

Studies have shown that female children, on average, consistently outperform male children in arithmetic. In the research reported here, 1,556 pupils (8 to 11 years of age) from urban and rural regions in the greater Beijing area completed 10 cognitive tasks. Results showed that girls outperformed boys in arithmetic tasks (i.e., simple subtraction, complex multiplication), as well as in numerosity-comparison, number-comparison, number-series-completion, choice reaction time, and word-rhyming tasks. Boys outperformed girls in a mental rotation task. Controlling for scores on the word-rhyming task eliminated gender differences in arithmetic, whereas controlling for scores on numerical-processing tasks (number comparison, numerosity estimation, numerosity comparison, and number-series completion) and general cognitive tasks (choice reaction time, Raven's Progressive Matrices, and mental rotation) did not. These results suggest that girls' advantage in arithmetic is likely due to their advantage in language processing.