Why cannot reasons change your moral decisions? Because they are not persuasive enough: A comment on Stanley et al. (2018)

Stanley et al. (2018) found that the consideration of reasons rarely induced people to change their moral decisions. We challenged this article by assuming what caused such a null or weak effect was that the persuasiveness of reasons provided to oppose the initial decisions was not strong enough. To verify our assumption, this study used Stanley et al.’s (2018) experimental paradigm and manipulated the levels of persuasiveness of reasons. The results revealed (1) that not only strong opposing reasons but also weak affirming reasons could induce changes in moral decision-making and increase decision confidence after altering the decisions; (2) that people with a weak decision confidence tended to change their initial decisions after evaluation of reasons; and (3) that people who maintained their decisions after considering weak opposing reasons enhanced rather than reduced their decision confidence. Overall, these findings demonstrated that moral decision change was a composite outcome of the interaction among reason type, reason persuasiveness and initial decision confidence and that low-quality argumentation had a boomerang effect on moral persuasion. This study re-lifted the role of rational reasoning in moral decision-making and revising, thus posing important amendments to Stanley et al.’s (2018) findings.     

中国心理学六十年的回顾与展望——纪念中国心理学会成立六十周年

<正> 中国心理学会成立已经六十周年了。六十年来,我国的心理学走过了不太长而颇为曲折坎坷的道路,有许多经验值得总结,有好些教训应该记取。让我们趁此学会成立六十周年的日子,回顾既往,展望未来,把我国心理学推向一个新的阶段。     

离散还是连续?——语义信息加工性质的实验研究

通过两个行为实验,采用句子核证作业,将SAD技术和普通反应时实验有机地结合起来,对语义信息加工的性质进行了详细的考察。实验一采用普通反应时实验,探讨了语义信息加工机制的性质,结果表明,在熟悉度、语义距离和快慢反应时之间存在复杂的交互作用,说明在语义信息加工中存在两种不同性质的加工机制,熟悉性是影响这两种不同性质加工机制的因素。实验二采用SAD技术,研究熟悉性对语义信息加工性质的影响。结果表明,在高熟悉句中的部分信息积累具有离散的趋势;而低熟悉句中的部分信息积累则是连续的,进一步证明了两种性质加工机制的存在。结论认为：语义信息加工中存在着两种性质的加工：离散性加工机制和连续性加工机制,熟悉性是影响二者关系的一个重要因素。     

学前儿童用“人为不介入原理”区分生物、非生物能力的发展

本研究采用访谈法,考查4～6岁儿童对生物的“人为不介入原理”的理解。研究结果表明：1．学前儿童没有表现出明显的“泛灵论”倾向。2．学前儿童对“人为不介入原理”的理解随年龄增长而呈现提高趋势,多数6岁儿童已经能够利用这一原理区分生物和非生物。3．学前儿童对不同领域刺激物的认知表现出不平衡性,对动物的认知优先发展,植物次之,对人造物认知的发展落后于对生物认知的发展。4．学前儿童表现出初步的分类概念。     

明代著名无神论思想家--吕坤

近年来,市面上有一本书比较流行,那就是《呻吟语》。该书不仅内容丰富、文笔隽永、饱含人生哲理,而且还包含许多精辟的无神论思想。它的作者就是我国明代著名的思想家吕坤。一、"我只是个我"     

口吃者的言语计划缺陷——来自词长效应的证据

口吃者与非口吃者在词长效应上的差异是口吃语音编码缺陷的一个重要的支持证据。本研究在综述词长效应研究的基础上,对这种解释提出了三点置疑,即词频、句法复杂性和发音长度也可能是造成词长效应差异的主要原因,并通过三个实验进行了验证。实验一和实验三在口吃者和非口吃者之间都得到了稳定的词长效应差异,并且排除了词频和发音长度对于这种差异的影响;实验二在控制词长的条件下,发现口吃者对于句法复杂性是敏感的。因此,本研究的结果支持口吃在言语产出中的语音编码和句法编码中都存在缺陷。同时,本研究对于口吃治疗也提供了有价值的参考建议     

Real Donors, Real Consent: Testing the Theory of Reasoned Action on Organ Donor Consent

In an attempt to apply the theory of reasoned action (TRA) to the process underlying organ donor consent, participants completed questionnaires concerning their affective responses to organ donation, as well as their intentions to donate. Participants were given the opportunity to sign an organ donor card. Those who chose to sign the card had more positive attitudes about donation, perceived donation as something that their reference group would encourage, and had stronger intentions to consent to signing a card. The current investigation extends the organ donor literature by using a true behavioral outcome measure indicating consent. Moreover, the pattern of results between attitudes, norms, intention, and behavior illustrates the usefulness of applying the TRA to yet another health-related behavior.     

Perceived cultural importance and actual self-importance of values in cultural identification

Cross-cultural psychologists assume that core cultural values define to a large extent what a culture is. Typically, core values are identified through an actual self-importance approach, in which core values are those that members of the culture as a group strongly endorse. In this article, the authors propose a perceived cultural importance approach to identifying core values, in which core values are values that members of the culture as a group generally believe to be important in the culture. In 5 studies, the authors examine the utility of the perceived cultural importance approach. Results consistently showed that, compared with values of high actual self-importance, values of high perceived cultural importance play a more important role in cultural identification. These findings have important implications for conceptualizing and measuring cultures.