中—英双语读者词汇表征的研究(二)

在本实验中。我们加入了单词的意象变量,进一步考察了中—英双语读者的词汇表征问题。让16名外语系本科生进行词汇判断,实验方法与程序与上一个实验相同。通过对被试反应时的比较发现,对于高意象词,在语言内和语言间重复条件下都有重复效应,而对于低意象词,只有在语言内重复条件下有重复效应。我们认为,中—英双语读者对来自两种语言的高意象词不但有两个独立的言语存储系统;还有一个为两个独立的言语存储系统所共有的意象存储系统;而对于低意象词,则只有两个独立的言语存储系统。两个独立的言语存储系统中的对译词Logogen不能自动地、直接地相互激活,而可能通过意象系统的中介作用自动地、间接地激活。对被试判断错误率的考察亦验证了上述假设。     

北京大学学生价值观倾向的初步定量研究

本研究应用价值观研究量表中文修订本施测690名北京大学学生,结果表明,大学生中价值倾向相对强弱的顺序是:政治、审美、理论、经济、社会、宗教,并表现出性别差异。因素分析发现,存在四种价值倾向组合型式。除宗教外,其余五种价值倾向测量均有足够的效度和信度。     

基于语义的词汇判断的计算模型

词汇判断是一种在字词认知研究中广泛使用的实验范式。本文提出了一个基于分布式语义表征的计算模型,用来解释某些在词汇判断作业中出现的实验现象。模型是一个包括词形层、隐层、语义层、词典层和判断层的前传网络。词形层、隐层和语义层之间的连接权重在学习过程中被不断调整,使用反传算法进行学习。语义层、词典层和判断层之间的连接权重在学习前就已被固定,在学习过程中不进行调整。模型模拟了在词汇判断作业中出现的四种实验现象：（１）频率效应;（２）语义启动效应;（３）频率与语境的交互作用;（４）重复启动效应。模型所表现出的行为特性由模型的框架和学习算法所决定。     

汉字加工的基本单元:来自笔画数效应和部件数效应的证据

用命名作业和真假字判断作业考察了笔画数和部件数对汉字加工的影响,发现,当部件数保持恒定时,笔画数少的汉字较笔画数多的汉字加工快,这种笔画数效应和字频之间不存在交互作用;当笔画数被控制时,部件数效应也存在,但和字频有交互作用,表现在低频少部件汉字的加工要快于低频多部件汉字的加工,而高频汉字中的部件数效应不显著。实验还发现独体字（只有一个部件）的加工和合体字（部件数大于等于二）的加工有差异。作者认为,汉字的加工要经过笔画、部件和整字三个层次,其中单位部件的笔画数和部件数影响着汉字加工时间     

大脑机能一侧化和表意文字符号的认读

本实验在速示条件下探讨认读作为表意文字符号的汉字和阿拉伯数字时,视野(大脑半球)一侧化问题。实验结果表明,单个阿拉伯数字不表现出大脑一侧化;单侧视野呈现汉字或双字词以及双侧视野同时分别是现汉字和阿拉伯数字时,表现出右视野(左半球)认读的正确率显著的高;在双侧同时分别呈现双字词和数字以及中央视野与单侧视野同时呈现汉字时,左右视野差别虽不显著,但仍表明左半球在汉字、词的认读中起主要作用。     

气功入静过程中自发脑电波功率谱及相干函数的分析

用脑电技术和功率谱与相干函数的计算机分析方法,对78名受试者,分别进行了气功入静、一般休息和普通睡眠时的不同脑电变化规律的研究。结果表明入静过程能够使额区脑电能量在δ频段下降,在α频段上升,并在特定频率附近额枕脑电相干值增大。由此提出了入静深度指数概念,并证明了:(1)与一般休息相比,入静深度指数在练功时增大,在睡眠时下降,表示入静过程有自己的特殊规律。(2)内养功、强壮功、虚明功的入静深度指数无明显差异,说明不同练功方法均能达到入静的效果。     

彩色片常见物体记忆色及宽容度的研究

前言 在室外的景物中,最常见的颜色是人类肤色、树叶、绿草、蓝天和土这几种颜色,人们对这些常见色的评价往往是依据他们的记忆或印象去衡量的。当被还原的颜色与人们记忆中的相匹配时,人们才感到满意,因此,所谓记忆色也往往就是优选色或喜爱色。伊斯     

STM capacity for Chinese and English language materials

This paper delineates the theoretical implications of a program of research on short-term memory using Chinese characters as stimuli, and compares the findings with studies of short-term memory that use English language materials. The 14 experiments on which it is principally based, carried out in the People’s Republic of China and in the U.S.A., are reported in detail in Yu et al. (1984), W. Zhanget al. (1984), and G. Zhang and Simon (this issue). One major theoretical product of this research is an experimentally tested model that reconciles the chunking theory of STM capacity with the articulatory loop theory of Baddeley, making good quantitative predictions of capacity compatible with both. Another result, obtained by using homophones as stimuli, is a demonstration that STM is mainly acoustically encoded, but that there are an additional two or three chunks of visually or semantically encoded short-term memory available. Chunks are shown to play the same role in immediate recall and rote learning in both the Chinese language and English language stimuli; and STM capacity, measured in chunks, is essentially the same for materials in both languages.     

北京地区儿童内外倾向人格特征的研究

本研究使用艾森克人格问卷(少年),测试在校儿童370人,发现:男孩的外倾性和倔强性高于女孩,而女孩的情绪性和掩饰高于男孩;儿童的情绪性、外倾性和倔强性都有随年龄而增加的趋势,自身隐蔽和掩饰则随年龄减少;从量表统一关系分析:精神质低的儿童较多,精神质和神经质都低的也多;与前人文献相比,现在男孩的冒险性和女孩的社会活跃性较为明显。     

Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex 5-HT6 receptors regulate anxiety-like behavior

The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) plays a very important role in decision-related and anxiety-related information processing. It has enriched 5-HT6 receptors; however, the precise role of dmPFC 5-HT6 receptors in anxiety remains to be fully investigated. In this study, we injected dmPFC with the 5-HT6 receptor agonist EMD 386088 and antagonist SB 271046 using stereotactic technology. 5-HT6 receptor activation in mice increased time spent in the center area on the open-field test, increased exploration of the open arms on the elevated plus maze test, and increased ratio on the social interaction test. 5-HT6 receptor inactivation induced the opposite effects. In brain slices, EMD 386088 decreased both spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSC) and spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSC), while SB 271046 only increased sEPSC. These effects of EMD 386088 and SB 271046 could be reversed by the GABA_A receptor antagonist bicuculline (BMI) and positive allosteric modulator clonazepam (CLZ), respectively. Our results suggest that neurotransmission in the dmPFC by 5-HT6 receptor activation and inhibition may play an important role in anxiety-like behavior, and may provide new insight into the pathological mechanism and potential target of anxiety disorders.