同声传译过程中的工作记忆与双语控制研究

同声传译是一项受时间限制的高度复杂的双语活动,译员在接收原语输入的同时要进行译入语输出。同传中译员要经过原语接收、理解、转换、译入语表达等一系列过程。近年来有研究者开始尝试同声传译过程中的工作记忆研究,认为工作记忆是同传作业的关键因素,并提出工作记忆在同传中的扩展模型。本文主要就同声传译的关键特征与多任务处理模型、工作记忆在同传中的作用机制和译入语提取时的双语控制机制等问题进行简要介绍,并提出了进一步的研究思路。     

Hippocampal long-term potentiation, memory, and longevity in mice that overexpress mitochondrial superoxide dismutase

Superoxide has been shown to be critically involved in several pathological manifestations of aging animals. In contrast, superoxide also can act as a signaling molecule to modulate signal transduction cascades required for hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD-2 or Mn-SOD) is a key antioxidant enzyme that scavenges superoxide. Thus, SOD-2 may not only prevent aging-related oxidative stress, but may also regulate redox signaling in young animals. We used transgenic mice overexpressing SOD-2 to study the role of mitochondrial superoxide in aging, synaptic plasticity, and memory-associated behavior. We found that overexpression of SOD-2 had no obvious effect on synaptic plasticity and memory formation in young mice, and could not rescue the age-related impairments in either synaptic plasticity or memory in old mice. However, SOD-2 overexpression did decrease mitochondrial superoxide in hippocampal neurons, and extended the lifespan of the mice. These findings increase our knowledge of the role of mitochondrial superoxide in physiological and pathological processes in the brain.     

不同平面心理旋转的角色效应

本研究采用实验方法,分别在水平面和冠状面内对第一人称角色和第三人称角色心理旋转进行对比性研究。实验结果表明：空间表征转换的角色方式对心理旋转产生显著影响,第三人称角色心理旋转易于第一人称角色心理旋转,即存在心理旋转的角色效应;心理旋转的角色效应并不是在特定旋转条件下才出现的,具有更大的普遍性     

另一种声音：现代新儒学与中国人文主义心理学

与西方心理学以科学主义为主体的“由下至上”的研究思路不同,中国传统心理学探究走的是“由上至下”的研究路线,即从心理及精神层面最高端入手,强调心理的道德与理性层面,故其实质是人文主义的。现代新儒学作为人文主义心理学研究典范,具有心理学研究“另一种声音”的独特价值与意义。现代新儒学研究背景及思路的展开,呈现出以传统心理学思想为深厚根基的中国近代心理学的独特个性与自信。这是现代新儒学对中国心理学的最大贡献     

客体运动速度的视觉工作记忆容量

自Luck等人的研究以来,诸多研究者对客体信息在视觉工作记忆中的表征与存储问题进行了探讨。现有研究主要采用呈现于静态场景的客体作为刺激材料,而不涉及对客体运动特征信息的短时存储。本研究结合多客体追踪范式和视觉工作记忆的变化觉察范式,通过比较检测项全部呈现方式与单检测项呈现方式条件下,客体运动速度的视觉工作记忆绩效,探讨了多个客体的运动速度信息在工作记忆中的存储方式和容量问题。结果表明,在工作记忆中能够存储约3仑独立客体的运动速度信息。     

家中不同游戏情境中婴儿与父母交流行为的比较研究

采用录像手段,考察真实的家庭环境中,16名婴儿与父亲和母亲在自由游戏和完成任务游戏情境中的交流行为。研究结果表明,无论在自由游戏还是在完成任务游戏中,母亲的表态行为都比父亲的多些。婴儿对母亲的表态行为比对父亲的多,对父亲的行动祈求、信息祈求和注意祈求行为比对母亲的多。在自由游戏中,母亲比父亲更多地承诺参与儿童的游戏。总体上,父母亲根据交流情境选择交流行为外,也表现出自身的特点,孩子则根据交流对象的选择交流行为。     

White selves: conceptualizing and measuring a dominant-group identity

This article addresses the nature and measurement of White racial identity. White identification is conceptualized as an automatic association between the self and the White ingroup; this association is fostered through social exposure to non-Whites and serves to link self- and ingroup evaluations. Four studies validated a measure of White identification against criteria derived from this model. In Study 1, the White Identity Centrality Implicit Association Test (WICIAT) predicted response latencies in a task gauging self-ingroup merging. In Study 2, the WICIAT correlated with census data tapping exposure to non-Whites. In Studies 3 and 4, the WICIAT predicted phenomena associated with the linking of self- and ingroup evaluations: identity-related biases in intergroup categorization (Study 3) and self-evaluative emotional reactions to ingroup transgressions (Study 4). Together, the findings shed light on the antecedents and consequences of White identity, an often-neglected individual difference construct.     

A novel method for constructing the mean field of grain-orientation-dependent residual stress

The heterogeneity of grain-orientation-dependent residual stress (ODRS) in polycrystalline materials has received a great deal of attention in the past few years. This letter describes a novel method, called the spherical harmonics approach (SHA), for analysing ODRS. The stress orientation distribution function (SODF) is defined to describe quantitatively the mean field of the residual stress as a function of grain orientation in the Euler space. This stress field can be expanded in terms of generalized spherical harmonics, and its series coefficients can be determined directly from lattice strain maps (strain pole figures). While solving the deconvolution problem of this stress field, the stress or strain equilibrium between neighbouring grains is considered simultaneously by implementing a self-consistent model in the iterative algorithm. The application of the SHA is illustrated by the construction of the SODF for a cold-rolled and annealed austenite stainless steel, using strain pole figures obtained by neutron diffraction.     

Valence band structure of the NiAl–Mo alloy from the photoelectron spectrum

The valence band structures of the NiAl–Mo alloy was investigated by photoelectron spectroscopy. The valence band spectra of the NiAl–Mo alloy was shifted away from the Fermi level so that the Ni-d-band centroid moved to a higher energy by 0.22 eV as Mo was added. A possible explanation lied in the overlap of Ni-d bands in the energy with Mo-d and Al-p bands. The participation of Mo-d bands was correlated with the site preference of Mo in NiAl alloys.     

Chinese Corporate Social Responsibility by Multiple Objective Portfolio Selection and Genetic Algorithms

In this paper, we study corporate social responsibility (CSR) in China through the prism of investments. We work with large stocks and assess their CSR performance from agency CSR data. We formulate Chinese CSR by a multiple objective extension of a traditional portfolio selection model and analytically solve the extension. We also solve the extension by a genetic algorithm and directly evaluate the algorithm's performance against the analytical solution. The multiple objective formulation is tested by randomly choosing nondominated portfolios with out‐of‐sample data to identify nondominated portfolios that outperform the 1/n portfolio (equally weighted portfolio). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.